importance of pastoralism

467477. On nomadic transhumance at Neolithic Tepe Tulai, Iran: A re-analysis of findings. Nomadic Peoples Figures recently published by the FAO indicate that human-edible protein from livestock is produced much more efficiently in countries where the sector is dominated by pastoralism, with protein input/output ratios between 1:4 and 1:21 in India, Sudan, New Zealand, Mongolia, Ethiopia, and Kenya compared with those of intensive livestock systems where the ratios are well below or around 1:1 in Saudi Arabia, USA, Germany, China, the Netherlands, and Brazil (Steinfeld, 2012). (ed. (1998). In Finkbeiner, U., and Rllig, W. 135161. (eds. Anthropozoologica (eds. Nomadic peoples in Ancient Times | TimeMaps The early process of mammal domestication in the Near East. It highlights the importance of pastoralism mainly from socioeconomic perspectives and aims to enable policymakers to find solutions for land-use practitioners. Pastoralism is globally significant in social, environmental, and economic terms. 277332. Potts, D. T. (2004). (eds. Science Hole, F., Flannery, K. V., and Neely, J. The Domestication Process in Southeastern Turkey: The Evidence of Mezraa-Teleilat, Ph.D. dissertation, Geowissenschaftlichen Fakultt der Eberhard-Karls-Universitt, Tbingen. (2007). 195211. 79: 824841. Khaldun, I. 1740. We conclude that pastoralism was a diverse, flexible, and dynamic adaptation in the ancient Near East and call for a reinvigorated and empirically based archaeology of pastoralism in Southwest Asia. (2007). They are usually the most nomadic of primitive societies, they occupy arid grasslands rather than rainforests, they have a nearly total commitment to their animals, and their sociopolitical system is nearly Pastoralism | Policy Support and Governance Gateway | Food and The Rise of Pastoralism in the Ancient Near East. Miller, N. F. (1996). Revolutions in the Desert: The Rise of Mobile Pastoralism in the Southern Levant, Taylor and Francis, London. Archaeometry 580, Centre National du Recherche Scientifique, Paris, pp. Makarewicz, C., and Tuross, N. (2012). 777795. (eds. Letters to the King of Mari: A New Translation, with Historical Introduction, Notes, and Commentary, Eisenbrauns, Winona Lake. 24: 123. (2011). Durand, J.-M. (2004). In Cerasetti, B. Based on texts and iconography of the Late Bronze Age Hittite empire in central Anatolia, pastoralism was an important part of the political . In Dietrich, M., and Loretz, O. Fils de Simal: Les origines tribales des rois de Mari. Buccellati, G. (1992). In Szuchman, J. Makarewicz, C. (2016). 1321. Herding and agricultural activities at the early Neolithic site of Ayn Abu Nukhayla (Wadi Rum, Jordan): The results of phytolith and spherulite analyses. De Cupere, B., and Van Neer, W. (2014). Legge, A. J., and Rowley-Conwy, P. A. 39: 32643276. de Miroschedji, P. (2003). The faunal remains. This form of knowledge management is already operated by pastoralists but could be potentiated with the help of coordination and information and communication technology. On the Margin of the Euphrates: Settlement and Land Use at Tell es-Sweyhat and in the Upper Lake Assad Area, Syria, Publications Vol. Archaeological fuel remains as indicators of ancient west Asian agropastoral and land-use systems. 265277. Redding, R. W. (2003). (ed. 86: 6880. However, it experiences crises rooted in misconceptions and poor interdisciplinary understanding, while being largely overlooked in international forums and agendas. However, as in other modernization programs, this view is usually based on the assumption that educated pastoralists will settle, take a job in town, and therefore modernize not as pastoralists, but by abandoning pastoralism. Mobile pastoral systems in both West and East Africa were found to perform better than sedentary systems under the same conditions. 339: 4765. (2010). Production Pastorale et Socit Irrespective of whether the emerging economies can benefit from the past . (3) Technical Director, PRAPSChad, * Corresponding author: [emailprotected]. 86: 97103. Peters, J., Buitenhuis, H., Grupe, G., Schmidt, K., and Pllath, N. (2013). Conf., International Livestock Centre for Africa (ILCA), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2226 Nov. 1993, Policies and strategies to address the vulnerability of pastoralists in sub-Saharan Africa. Donkey domestication. The greatest rates of poverty are observed among those who are no longer directly involved in pastoralism, particularly those without livestock who depend on casual labor or petty trade in towns. (MDNKOAL, 2010, p. 5). (eds. In an attempt to respond to this question, the government of Kenya is in the process of finalizing a strategy for delivering a full course of primary education using a combination of audio files/radio programs, visiting tutors, and print material for broadcasting a full primary curriculum to individual children and their families directly at the camps (Siele et al., 2012). J. M. (2004). (ed. II, Publication 73, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, DC, pp. (eds. Cribb, R. (1991). Antiquity Faunal turnover in the Azraq Basin, eastern Jordan 28,000 to 9000 cal yr BP, signalling climate change and human impact. In Dercksen, J. G. In many parts of sub-Saharan Africa, pastoral systems are still (or sometimes again) part of a regional integration with crop systems, for example where pastoral herds feed regularly on crop residues on the fields, either in exchange for manure or for cash (Powell et al., 1994). Living with uncertainty: New directions in pastoral development in Africa. Despite frequent references in the literature to prehistoric pastoral nomads, pastoralism in Southwest Asia was strongly associated with sedentary communities that practiced intensive plant cultivation and was largely local in nature. ), Village on the Euphrates, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. As with most agricultural systems worldwide, an increasing proportion of pastoral youth will not find employment in the pastoral sector or will turn to alternatives that appear more attractive. Peters, J., Pllath, N., and von den Driesch, A. The mobile grazing of livestock can be essential for maintaining the biodiversity of rangelands. Une Ile dans le Dsert : El Kowm 2 (Nolithique Prcramique, 80007500 BP Syrie), CNRS Editions, Paris. In Sasson, J. M. To the outsider, it is easy to lose sight of the actual causes and attribute these crises to the baseline vulnerability of pastoral systems, seeing liability in pastoralism rather than in the obstacles to operate it. (1984). Boessneck, J., von den Driesch, A., and Steger, U. Goring-Morris, N. (1993). Asner 2012. 34: 3756. Pastoralism probably originated in early Neolithic times, when, in areas not suited to arable farming, some hunter-gatherer groups took to supplementing their traditional way of life with keeping domesticated cattle, sheep and goats. Mobile Pastoralism and the Formation of Near Eastern Civilizations: Weaving Together Society, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 6, University of Chicago, Chicago. 81: 157173. A perfect market of modernization would have developed innovative solutions to the pastoral problems associated with these strategies. In McMahon, A., Crawford, H., and Oates, J. 45: 159174. The fourth component secures the livelihoods of farmers through economic interventions helping them to cope with weather- and disease-related events. 323: 13321335. Growth and development of the mammary gland in micecontrol of the insulin-like growth factor system by hormones and metalloproteases, and putative interference with micro RNAs, Dairying and the evolution and consequences of lactase persistence in humans, Development of the mammary glands and its regulation: how not all species are equal, About the American Society of Animal Science, System of Production and Contribution to Food Security, Understanding the Vulnerability of Pastoralism, http://www.afd.fr/webdav/site/afd/shared/PORTAILS/PAYS/TCHAD/PDF/Actes%20du%20colloque_pasto_%20Tchad.pdf, http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd21/5/ocai21070.htm, http://www.slideshare.net/ILRI/global-environmental-challenges, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/, Receive exclusive offers and updates from Oxford Academic, Copyright 2023 American Society of Animal Science. The European Journal of Development Research Payne, S. (1988). Second, we focus on the pastoral system of production and provide evidence of the contribution it makes to food security in these areas. ), Excavations at the Prehistoric Mound of Chogha Bonut, Khuzestan, Iran Seasons 1976/77, 1977/78, and 1996, Publications Vol. Wasse, A. Caprine husbandry and initial pig management east of the Jordan Valley: Animal exploitation at Neolithic Wadi Shueib, Jordan. Adams, R. M. (2006). Blue bonds, FAO Blue Growth Initiative & Indigenous Peoples, Leaving No One Behind: How Blue Growth can benefit women, youth, indigenous groups and migrants, Achieving Blue Growth. Demand for high-quality education is now strong also among pastoral producers, who want it to secure their livelihood as pastoralists in a globalized world where a specialized business like dryland animal production cannot be separated from formal education. A history of agricultural production at Neolithic atalhoyuk East, Turkey. 3: 392397. Uerpmann, H.-P., and Uerpmann, M. (2002). Volume 1, Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment, Island Press, Le Commerce du Btail en Afrique de l'Ouest, Module d'Animation et de Formation, Partie 2: La mise en marche, Project d'Appui la Productivit de l'Elevage dans les systmes agropastoraux, Associates in Research and Education for Development (ARED), Investment in pastoralists could help combat East Africa food crisis, National Livestock Policy. 175191. (eds. (ed. 30: 4768. 341494. ), Archaeozoology of the Near East VIII, Maison de lOrient et de la Mediterranee, Lyon, pp. Petrie, C., Sardari Zarchi, A., Alamdari, K., and Javanmard Zadeh, A. Le peuplement de la Djzir occidentale au dbut du IIIe millnaire, villes circulaires et pastoralisme: Questions et hypothses. ), Wool Economy in the Ancient Near East and the Aegean, Oxbow, Oxford, pp. 137147. Greening cities: the role of urban pastoralism in Romania Quelles orientations?0103mars 2011, N'Djamena, Tchad, Grazing systems, ecosystem responses, and global change, Pastoral migration: Mobile systems of livestock husbandry, The contribution of livestock to the Sudanese economy, IGAD LPI Working No 0112, Rangeland productivity and exploitation in the Sahel, Moving up or moving out? Get the most important science . In Sudan, Wilson and Clarke (1976) found that in almost every production parameter, the performance of the former is superior to that of the latter. In Niger, nomadism was found to increase productivity by 27% compared with sedentary livestock systems and by 10% compared with transhumant systems (Colin de Verdire, 1995). Complex caprine harvesting practices and diversified hunting strategies: Integrated animal exploitation systems at Late Pre-Pottery Neolithic B Ain Jammam. A meeting of culture? In Killick, R. G. , Carpenter S., Elmqvist T., Gunderson L., Holling C.S., Walker B. Gertel Meadow, R. H. (1989). Sana, M. (2004). (eds. It is a source of income to the pastoralists by selling farm products hence improving their standards of living. In a world that has taken up the challenge of reversing global climate change, reversing the processes that undermine pastoral systems, from the erosion of critical resources to compromising the dignity and values of the occupation, seems a realistic and pertinent undertaking. through trade hence providing a livelihood for many people. Adams, R. M. (1981). In Niger, the livestock sector is the second source of export revenue after uranium (Rpublique du Niger, 2011), with pastoral/agropastoral systems representing 81% of production (Rass, 2006). Pastoralism - Wikipedia 193199. ), Animals and Inequality in the Ancient World, University Press of Colorado, Boulder, pp. Production traits in cattle, Awakening Africa's sleeping giant. 40: 167190. 44: 79102. 72: 119. 31: 15871601. By calling for reversing present trends, we do not advocate the return to a primeval state but, rather, a move to innovative and imaginative forms of integration. The greening of the Badlands: Pastoral nomads and the conclusion of Neolithization in the southern Levant. 287305. Migratory patterns in early nomadism: A reconsideration of Tepe Tulai. 86: 200219. (ed. Through strategic mobility, pastoralism finds an asset in the existence of dynamic variability in the drylands, where sedentary agriculture or mixed farming find a problem in their lack of uniformity and stability. (eds. Wandel und Kontinuitt im Urbanisierungsproze des 3 Jahrtausends v. Chr. (2009). The benefits of pastoralism include flexibility, low costs and freedom of movement. Explorations in Turkestan: Expedition of 1904: Prehistoric Civilizations of Anau: Origins, Growth and Influence of Environment, Vol. (eds. In Schloen, J. D. Pastoralism and development in Africa. Journal of Archaeological Science In zdogan, M., Hauptmann, H., and Basgelen, N. 1 Vaccination campaign against contagious bovine pleuropneumonia, Fig. This is well understood by livestock traders in East and West Africa, who use pastoral strategic mobility to fatten their animals on the hoof while marching them to the terminal markets during the wet season (Dirani et al., 2010; Thbaud and Corniaux, 2011). We show how these attitudes have subtly led to Fulani exclusion and discrimination and structured community-pastoralist relations. (2016). Time and process in an Uruk rural center. Changing pastoralism: from extensive transhumance to restrictions in the socialist era For centuries, Romania was one of the most important nuclei of pastoralism in Europe. Die faunenreste vom Tell Halawa am Assad-See/Nordsyrien. 2, Scribner, New York, pp. Schwartz, G. M. (2014). (ed. Michel, C., and Veenhof, K. R. (2010). Amorites, climate change, and the negotiation of identity at the end of the third millennium BC. 409424. 32: 775784. Alden, J. Rosen, S. A., Savinetsky, A., Plakht, Y., Kisseleva, N., Khassanov, B., Pereladov, A., and Haiman, M. (2005). (ed. Animal remains from Tilbear excavations, southeast Anatolia, Turkey. 97102. Over 5 million people, over one-third of them women, have directly benefited from the work of the programme, notably regarding the vaccination of animals against CBPP and PPR, both of which are priorities of Chads animal disease epidemiological surveillance and monitoring network, REPIMAT. Documenting the initial appearance of domestic cattle in the eastern Fertile Crescent (northern Iraq and western Iran). Nomads, Tribes, and the State in the Ancient Near East, Oriental Institute Seminar No. The data collected is used only for the proper functioning of the site and for performance measurement. 22: 9971010. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 53: 214226. Peters, J., von den Driesch, A., and Helmer, D. (2005). ), Chiefdoms and Early States in the Near East: The Organizational Dynamics of Complexity, Prehistory Press, Madison, WI, pp. tude archozoologique de Mureybet. The northern Levant during the Intermediate Bronze Age: Altered trajectories. 17: 912. In Alizadeh, A. Pearson, J. Nomadic pastoralism is of vital importance for grasslands worldwide. 32: 257273. (ed. Enclosed nomadism. (1997). Tepe Tulai: Faunal remains from an early campsite in Khuzistan, Iran. Kupper, J. R. (1959). The Ministry of Livestock Farming, the PRAPS, local authorities, livestock farmer associations and rural organisations have learned a number of lessons through these achievements. La faune. 135203. 105: 37153720. 12311242. Haus und Haushalt: Wohnformen des dritten Jahrtausends vor Christus in Nordmesopotamien, Philipp von Zabern, Mainz. Preliminary report on the faunal remains of Hayaz Hyk from the 19791983 seasons. The distribution of this cattle feed will clearly soften the impact of the coming drought. akrlar, C. (2008). Bogaard, A., Henton, E., Evans, J., Twiss, K., Charles, M., Vaiglova, P., and Russell, N. (2013). In Khalaily, H., and Marder, O. (1989). J.C. au Fars oriental (Iran). Wool in Anatolia in the Old Assyrian period. (ed. Monahan, B. H. (2000). Ur, J. Villages in the Steppes: Later Neolithic Settlement and Subsistence in the Balikh Valley, Northern Syria, Archaeological Series 5, International Monographs in Prehistory, Ann Arbor, MI. Comparing nutritional status of children from nomadic and sedentary population groups in Mali, Pedersen and Benjaminsen (2008) conclude that farming appears to be a poorer adaptation than nomadic pastoralism in arid environments such as the northern Sahel. Pastoralism - African Studies - Oxford Bibliographies Atc, L. (2014). I mammiferi. Schwartz, G. M. (1994). (eds. In de Meyer, L., and Haerinck, E. (1993). (eds. Supplying both domestic and export markets, pastoralism provides growing urban populations with meat at competitive prices and secures livelihoods, not only for millions of primary producers, but also for tens of thousands people working in and around the livestock trade (Aklilu and Catley 2011; Gertel and Le Heron, 2011). Levant Domestication processes and morphological change: Through the lens of the donkey and African pastoralism. Zeder, M. (1998a). 28: 4353. Etude de la faune de Tell Assouad (Djzireh-Syrie), sondage J. Cauvin. In Pumpelly, R. The importance of pastoralism. In economic terms, the rangeland environment experienced by the herds under this regime is significantly more favorable than the same environment described from the perspective of sedentary agriculture or mixed farming. in Nordmesopotamien. 205213. Anthropozoologica In Rouault, O., and Wfler, M. ANMED Rooijakkers, C. T. (2012). (1993). The problem here is that, for children in pastoralism, it has rarely worked. 94114. The two-humped camel (Camelus bactrianus): New light on its distribution, management, and medical treatment in the past. However, having to accommodate the constraints of traditional delivery systems based on the classroom model remains a major obstacle, and even more so for girls (Figure 7). ), Biodiversity in Agriculture: Domestication, Evolution and Sustainability, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 1, A. and C. Black, Sheffield. ), Subsistence and Settlement in a Marginal Environment: Tell es-Sweyhat, 19891995 Preliminary Report, MASCA Research Papers in Science and Archaeology Vol. In this paper, we present a history of pastoralism in the ancient Near East from the Neolithic through the Bronze Age. Review on camel production and marketing status in Ethiopia - SpringerOpen La domestication des animaux par les hommes prhistoriques, Masson, Paris. Henton, E. (2012). the importance ofmobile pastoralism as a form of productive and sustainable land management. (1988). Life and Society in the Hittite World, Oxford University Press, Oxford. 19: 187204. American Antiquity ), La citt Bruciata del Deserto Salato, Erizzo, Venezia, pp. Rosen, S. A., and Saidel, B. Sovereignty, mobility, and political cartographies in Late Bronze Age southern Caucasia. (1985). In Lamberg-Karlovsky, C. C. Environment and society in the late prehistory of southern Georgia, Caucasus. Zeder, M. (1994a). The weather forecasts are extremely alarming this year, with expectations of a longer and more severe drought across the Sahel strip than in previous years. Ancient Society; or, Researches in the Lines of Human Progress from Savagery, Through Barbarism to Civilization, H. Holt, London. Le rle des nomades dans lhistoire de la Msopotamie ancienne. 137: 109182. Kimura, B., Marshall, F., Beja-Pereira, A., and Mulligan, C. (2013). Tierknochenfunde vom Lidar Hyk in Sdostanatolien (Grabungen 19791986), Ph.D. dissertation, Institut fr Paloanatomie, Domestikationsforschung und Geschichte der Tiermedizin der Universitt Mnchen, Munich. (eds. In Miller, N. F., and Abdi, K. Domesticating animals in Africa: Implications of genetic and archaeological findings. (2014). Insurance for small-scale fisheries, FAOs Blue Growth Initiative: Blue finance guidance notes. Livestock Research for Rural Development 21(70), One leg or two? (eds. Who lived in the third-millennium round cities of northern Syria? , Huntsinger L., Labnow K. Scoones Towards Sustainable Pastoralism - UNEP ), Archaeozoology of the Near East X, Peeters, Leuven, pp. Peyronel, L., and Vacca, A. (2004) estimate that about 26 million km2 of land in these biomes worldwide are under managed-grazing systems, which is more than the combined areas of United States, China, and the European Union. La faune de Tell Turlu (Turquie) et les animaux domestiques dans la culture de Halaf. Early and Late Bronze Age transition subsistence at Tall al-Umayri. Michel, C., and Breniquet, C. Locating land use at Neolithic atalhyk, Turkey: The implications of 87Sr/86Sr signatures in plants and sheep tooth sequences. Das Amurritische Onomastikon der Altbabylonischen Zeit, Ugarit-Verlag, Mnster. The Qashqai of Iran, Yale University Press, New Haven, CT. Beckman, G. (1988). (eds. From food and fuel to farms and flocks: The integration of plant and animal remains in the study of the agropastoral economy at Gordion, Turkey. Agro-pastoral systems, as opposed to mixed farming, often combine within the same household specialized farmers and mobile specialized pastoralists, and therefore maintain livestockcrop integration also at the regional scale. Plough and pastoralism: Aspects of the secondary products revolution. (eds. (2002). The Archaeology of Syria: From Complex Hunter-Gatherers to Early Urban Societies (c. 16,000300 BC), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. They provide small-scale farmers with draft-oxen, as well as the cheapest and often the only source of regeneration of soil fertility: manure. Toward a holistic understanding of pastoralism - ScienceDirect Tenu, A. Paleo-Bedouin and transmigrant urbanism. (1989). Faunal remains from Habuba Kabira in Syria. We focus on sub-Saharan Africa, where problems around food security are supposed to be more alarming and which is now also in the spotlight of development policies concerned with global food security (e.g., World Bank, 2009). The first is straightforward alienation of pastoral resources, for example to conservation, mechanized agriculture, and irrigation schemes, and more recently, to biofuel plantations, carbon-trade speculation, and the widening gap between wealthy and poor within the pastoral system itself, which secures resources for some but at the expense of many (Catley and Aklilu, 2012). Connor, S., and Sagona, A. Journal of Archaeological Science ), Exploring the Longue Dure, Essays in Honor of Lawrence E. Stager, Eisenbrauns, Winona Lake, IN, pp. Besides underinvestment, we would add, the vulnerability of pastoralism is also the result of substantial investments in the wrong direction, often misguided by inadequate analysis. C. McCorriston, J. Tuwah Khoshkeh: A Middle Chalcolithic mobile pastoralist camp-site in the Islamabad Plain, West Central Zagros Mountains, Iran. They enable an annual offtake worth USD 69.3 million (Davies and Hatfield, 2007). For this reason, and because less mobile herds have a poorer diet and therefore lower productivity, this condition quickly becomes a poverty trap. (eds. Posted on 2019-02-19 13:47:43, Mahamat Guind (1)*, Ouagal Mahamat (2) & Mahamat Abdallah (3), (1) Director General of the Veterinary Services, Chad (1989). With 7million vaccine doses and a campaign against PPR consisting of 10million vaccine doses, the mass vaccination campaigns thus far two of which were against PPR are the most appreciated actions by the beneficiaries, since CBPP and PPR alone cause more damage in ruminant farming than all of the other diseases monitored by REPIMAT. In Somalia, 90% of the national herd is in pastoral systems (Rass, 2006). Arbuckle, B. S., Price, M. D., Hongo, H., and ksz, B. Food and ethnicity at Kltepe-Kanesh: Preliminary zooarchaeological evidence. 42: 151168. (ed. (2008). 3: 83104. Local landscape organization of mobile pastoralists in southeastern Turkey. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA Krger, B. Important components of pastoralism include low population density, mobility, vitality, and intricate information systems. 3: 275280. Sumner, W. M. (1986). The growing pressure on land and resources calls for the design and implementation of pastoral development plans that facilitate access to water and pastures by clarifying rules as well as providing for infrastructure such as hydraulic works and transhumance routes. Journal of Field Archaeology Shepherds at Umma in the Third Dynasty of Ur: Interlocutors with a world beyond the scribal field of ordered vision. (eds. Fourth, replacing diversity and complementarity between production systems with uniformity and competition results in the generation of resource scarcity and increases the risk of conflict. Initial diversity in sheep and goat management in Neolithic southwestern Asia. Applying livestock thresholds to examine poverty in Karamoja - SpringerOpen Consequently, a regionalised intervention strategy by the PRAPSChad, taking account of the extent of the 12regions involved and the array of pastoral constraints in terms of limited resources, the number of achievable infrastructures and the interventions of other projects, was established on the basis of pastoral assessments. 17: 130. 37: 521528. Current Anthropology Grossman, K., and Hinman, M. (2013). Animal exploitation in the Upper Tigris River valley during the Middle Bronze Age: A first comparison of Hirbemerdon Tepe and Kenan Tepe. Alizadeh, A. (ed. In Breniquet, C., and Michel, C. Press, Athens; and Unisa Press, Modern and mobile. (ed. Options to secure livelihoods within the pastoral system have been closed down rather than strengthened. Old and new perspectives on the origins of the Halaf-culture. Bergnomaden und Yaylabauern im Mittleren Kurdischen Taurus, Heft 11, Marburgen Geographische Schriften, Marburg. 28: 126. Carbon and nitrogen isotopic evidence for sheep and goat pastoral management practices at Chalcolithic Kk Hyk, Central Turkey. Ryder, M. L. (2007). The mobile grazing of livestock can be essential for maintaining the biodiversity of rangelands. Wool trade in Upper Mesopotamia and Syria according to Old Babylonian and Old Assyrian texts. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA Losch, S., Grupe, G., and Peters, J. 5, University of Chicago, Chicago, pp. 57: 217235. Rosen, S. A., Tykot, R. H., and Gottesman, M. (2005). (2010). Mineck, K. R., van den Hout, T., and Hoffner, H. A. In Michel, C. Pflzner, P. (2001). In Nicolle, C. The Heartland of Cities, University of Chicago Press, Chicago. A., Buitenhuis, H., Hedges, R. E. M., Martin, L., Russell, N., and Twiss, K. (2007). (2014). ), Archaeological Thought in America, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 2000323 BC, Blackwell, Oxford. 46: 317326. The economic importance of the camel over other livestock species is immense, particularly during the harsh seasons due to less decline in its prices and the camel is the most expensive in both pastoral and agro-pastoral areas when compared to other livestock.

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