who was stalin's second in command

Brezhnev was elected First Secretary (later General Secretary), while Alexei Kosygin succeeded Khrushchev as premier. Zhdanov's death in 1948 led to the purge of several of his supporters, including the chief state planner, Nikolai Voznesensky. Did you know these facts about Joseph Stalin? Henry Ford had been at the center of American technology transfer to the Soviet Union in the 1930s; he sent over factory designs, engineers, and skilled craftsmen, as well as tens of thousands of Ford tractors. [67] In mid-1943, Leonid's wife, Liuba Khrushcheva, was arrested on accusations of spying and sentenced to five years in a labor camp, and her son (by another relationship), Tolya, was placed in a series of orphanages. Weeks, Albert L. (1987). (June 29, 2023). [86], Khrushchev's final years in Ukraine were generally peaceful, with industry recovering,[88] Soviet forces overcoming the partisans, and 1947 and 1948 seeing better-than-expected harvests. This allowed Khrushchev and Malenkov to arrest Beria as Beria belatedly discovered he had lost control of Ministry of Interior troops and the troops of the Kremlin guard. Walter A. McDougall, "The Sputnik Challenge: Eisenhower's Response to the Soviet Satellite. These goals were met by farmers who slaughtered their breeding herds and by purchasing meat at state stores, then reselling it back to the government, artificially increasing recorded production. During the first half of 1957, Malenkov, Molotov, and Kaganovich worked to quietly build support to dismiss Khrushchev. [62], Soon after Stalingrad, Khrushchev met with personal tragedy, as his son Leonid, a fighter pilot, was apparently shot down and killed in action on 11 March 1943. [100], Stalin called everyone who didn't agree with him an "enemy of the people." Khrushchev proposed to move the programs to rural areas. [202] During luncheon at the Twentieth Century-Fox Studio in Los Angeles Khrushchev engaged in an improvised yet jovial debate with his host Spyros Skouras over the respective merits of capitalism and communism. In the following year, Dzhugashvili published, at Lenins behest, an important article on Marxism and the national question. The move was in part for company, in part to keep an eye on them. Khrushchev's attempt was generally successful, though his new towns and scientific centres tended to attract younger scientists, with older ones unwilling to leave Moscow or Leningrad. Khrushchev was born in 1894 in a village in western Russia. Leonid Brezhnev was one of the longest-serving Soviet leaders, second only to Stalin. Joseph Stalin: Death, Quotes & Facts - HISTORY - HISTORY It was all so sudden and unexpected. Beginning in February 1954, Khrushchev replaced Malenkov in the seat of honour at Presidium meetings; in June, Malenkov ceased to head the list of Presidium members, which was thereafter organized in alphabetical order. "The second wave of murders followed the staggeringly successful June 1941 invasion of the Soviet Union in brazen violation of the 1939 treaty by the Wehrmacht." ( Paragraph 23) C The meaning of SECOND-IN-COMMAND is someone who is ranked second in a group or organization. [250] On his 1954 visit to China, Khrushchev agreed to return Port Arthur and Dalian to China, though Khrushchev was annoyed by Mao's insistence that the Soviets leave their artillery as they departed. [79], The war years of 1944 and 1945 had seen poor harvests, and 1946 saw intense drought strike Ukraine and Western Russia. [9] After working briefly in other fields, Khrushchev's parents found Nikita a place as a metal fitter's apprentice. [260], Beginning in March 1964, Supreme Soviet presidium chairman and thus nominal head of state Leonid Brezhnev began plotting Khrushchev's removal with his colleagues. If one was not signed, Khrushchev stated, the Soviet Union would conclude a peace treaty with East Germany. The Second in Command is a 1915 American silent drama film directed by William J. Nixon and Khrushchev had an impassioned argument in a model kitchen at the American National Exhibition in Moscow, with each defending the economic system of his country. He made a short visit to his birthplace of Kalinovka, finding a starving population, with only a third of the men who had joined the Red Army having returned. Encyclopedia.com. "[172], Khrushchev founded several academic towns, such as Akademgorodok. Khrushchev did what he could to assist his hometown. This would leave East Germany, which was not a party to treaties giving the Western Powers access to Berlin, in control of the routes to the city. He let in fresh air and fresh ideas, producing changes which time already has shown are irreversible and fundamental. The Soviet Union under Stalin's command in WWII was, overall, directly useless to the victory of Allies over Nazi Germany and the Axis Powers. Inadequate provisions were made for repair stations. From Central Committee headquarters ("the Center") in Moscow at the top to the republics, provinces, and cities below, secretariats were the Party's hands-on executive organs. [141] In 1957, Khrushchev authorized the 6th World Festival of Youth and Students to be held in Moscow that summer. [24] He was more successful in advancing in the Communist Party; soon after his admission to the rabfak in August 1922, he was appointed party secretary of the entire tekhnikum, and became a member of the bureauthe governing councilof the party committee for the town of Yuzovka (renamed Stalino in 1924). He was schooled for a total of four years, part in the village school and part under Shevchenko's tutelage in Kalinovka's state school. Reaching Petrograd from Siberia on March 25 (March 12, Old Style), 1917, Stalin resumed editorship of Pravda. His lengthy memoirs were smuggled to the West and published in part in 1970. [154] He established a corn institute in Ukraine and ordered thousands of hectares to be planted with corn in the Virgin Lands. "[119], The post-Stalin battle for political control reshaped foreign-policy. In 1922, Lenins government signed a treaty with Ukraine, Belarus and Transcaucasia (a region including Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan) to form the Soviet Union, or USSR. After the Social Democrats (Marxist revolutionaries) of the Russian Empire had split into their two competing wingsMenshevik and Bolshevikin 1903, Dzhugashvili joined the second, more militant, of these factions and became a disciple of its leader, Lenin. Under the sponsorship of Lazar Kaganovich, he worked his way up the Soviet hierarchy. Towster, Julian. [294] Khrushchev biographer William Tompson related the former premier's reforms to those which occurred later: Throughout the Brezhnev years and the lengthy interregnum that followed, the generation which had come of age during the 'first Russian spring' of the 1950s awaited its turn in power. [52], Biographer William Taubman suggested that because Khrushchev was again unsuccessfully denounced while in Kiev, he must have known that some of the denunciations were not true and that innocent people were suffering. Additionally, the Soviet Union's display of ineptitude during the Congo Crisis, where it failed to prevent both the newly independent Republic of the Congo from descending into chaos and the substantial military intervention by Western powers, led to a further cooling of relations between the Soviet Union and its Ghanaian and Guinean partners. In the final period of Soviet rule (after 1985), Yegor Ligachev was perhaps the best-known second secretary. [197] In January 1960 Khrushchev told the Presidium that Soviet ICBMs made an agreement with the U.S. possible because "main-street Americans have begun to shake from fear for the first times in their lives". Joseph Stalin - WWII, Soviet Army, Big Three, Eastern Europe In specific terms Khrushchev decided that Stalin had made a series of mistakes, such as heavy-handed pressure in Turkey and Iran in 1945 and 1946, and especially heavy pressure on Berlin that led to the failed Berlin blockade in 1948. Joseph Stalin participated in the 1917 October Revolution and started working for the Soviet government during Lenin's tenure. Vasily Stalin: The Sad Story Of The Soviet Dictator's Son With the only way into the churchyard through the church, he had the coffin lifted and passed over the fence into the burial ground, shocking the village. He entered Tiflis Theological Seminary to train as a priest, but he left school in 1899. The Secret Speech, combined with the death of the Polish communist leader Bolesaw Bierut, who suffered a heart attack while reading the Speech, sparked considerable liberalization in Poland and Hungary. Khrushchev let Soviets travel (over two million Soviet citizens travelled abroad between 1957 and 1961, 700,000 of whom visited the West) and allowed foreigners to visit the Soviet Union, where tourists became subjects of immense curiosity. That would allow the Soviet Union and its satellite states to build up their economies and their standard of living. Joseph Stalin | Biography, World War II, Death, & Facts [159] After a successful test involving MTS which served one large kolkhoz each, Khrushchev ordered a gradual transitionbut then ordered that the change take place with great speed. Khrushchev wanted to shift the focus of secondary schools to vocational training: students would spend much of their time at factory jobs or in apprenticeships and only a small part at the schools. Kennedy described negotiating with Khrushchev to his brother Robert as "like dealing with Dad. [237][238][239] A period of at least partial liberalization, known as the Polish October, followed. [36] Khrushchev rose rapidly through the Party ranks, first becoming Party leader for the Bauman district, site of the Academy, before taking the same position in the Krasnopresnensky district, the capital's largest and most important. This was utter and complete arbitrariness. Why Germany surrendered twice in World War II Khrushchev arrived at the VIP hall of Vnukovo Airport; KGB chairman Semichastny waited for him there, flanked by KGB security guards. These sometimes backfired, however: a tax on private livestock holdings led to peasants slaughtering their stock. Find History on Facebook (Opens in a new window), Find History on Twitter (Opens in a new window), Find History on YouTube (Opens in a new window), Find History on Instagram (Opens in a new window), Find History on TikTok (Opens in a new window), A woman is flanked by portraits of Soviet leaders Joseph Stalin and Vladimir Lenin. This decree created tension between Khrushchev and the Central Committee,[150] and upset the party leaders upon whose support Khrushchev had risen to power. [136] In 1958, however, Khrushchev ordered a fierce attack on Boris Pasternak after his novel Doctor Zhivago was published abroad (he was denied permission to publish it in the Soviet Union). The film is based on a 1901 Broadway play of the same name by Robert Marshall. Khrushchev biographer Taubman speculates that this omission was most likely to avoid the possibility of being seen as complicit in the death of the son of a Politburo member. Brezhnev and Shelepin were nervous. [27] The family was poor, according to Nina's own recollections. Retrieved June 29, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/second-secretary. While they were not admitted, there were soon enough Central Committee members in Moscow to call an emergency Party Congress, which effectively forced the leadership to allow a session of the Central Committee. [219] He spent much of his time wooing the new Third World states which had recently become independent. [231] As the last term was not publicly announced at the request of the U.S., and was not known until just before Khrushchev's death in 1971,[31] the resolution was seen as a great defeat for the Soviets and contributed to Khrushchev's fall less than two years later. Follow her on Twitter at @MsBeckyLittle. That year, the Russian Federation elected its first president, Boris Yeltsin. Our Black Sea Coast": The Sovietization of the Black Sea Littoral under Khrushchev and the Problem of Overdevelopment. Who was Stalin's 2nd in command? - Answers Although his mother doted on him, Stalins father was a drunk who routinely beat him. Non-fulfillment of these regulations by clergy would lead to disallowance of state registration; meaning clergy could no longer do any pastoral or liturgical work without special state permission). Stalin formed a tense alliance with U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt and U.K. Prime Minister Winston Churchill during World War II, in which Soviet troops helped liberateNazi concentration camps. The Battle of Stalingrad was a brutal military campaign between Russian forces and those of Nazi Germany and the Axis powers during World War II. Khrushchev demanded the right to reply immediately and accused Sumulong of being "a fawning lackey of the American imperialists". The mother, a devout washerwoman, had dreamed of her son becoming a priest, but Joseph Dzhugashvili was more ruffianly than clerical in appearance and outlook. Khrushchev considered the entire Cold War to be a serious mistake on Stalin's part. Khrushchev was infuriated by a statement of the Filipino delegate Lorenzo Sumulong charging the Soviets with employing a double standard by decrying colonialism while dominating Eastern Europe. [256] When Khrushchev paid a visit to China in September, shortly after his successful U.S. visit, he met a chilly reception, and Khrushchev left the country on the third day of a planned seven-day visit. During and after World War II, Zhdanov and Malenkov vied for the role of Stalin's second-in-command. [288] While the Soviet standard of living increased greatly in the ten years after Khrushchev's fall, much of the increase was due to industrial progress; agriculture continued to lag far behind, resulting in regular agricultural crises, especially in 1972 and 1975. Joseph Stalin See all media Born: December 6, 1878 December 18, 1878 Gori Georgia Died: March 5, 1953 (aged 74) Moscow Russia Title / Office: prime minister (1941-1953), Soviet Union Political Affiliation: Bolshevik Communist Party of the Soviet Union Russian Social-Democratic Workers' Party . He initiated the period of perestroika and glasnost, or openness, in which the Soviet Union loosened restrictions on the press and personal expression, and began to reevaluate its Stalinist past. Relations between the Soviet Union and the United States were still strained when Brezhnev died on November 10, 1982, of a heart attack. [249] The Soviet Union spent 7% of its national income between 1954 and 1959 on aid to China. 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And now is all this to be forgiven and forgotten? Why do it secretlyas if we had no right to do it? Before Uranus was launched, Khrushchev spent much time checking on troop readiness and morale, interrogating Nazi prisoners, and recruiting some for propaganda purposes. [16], After the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II in 1917, the new Russian Provisional Government in Petrograd had little influence over Ukraine. [20] In 1921, the civil war ended, and Khrushchev was demobilized and assigned as commissar to a labor brigade in the Donbas, where he and his men lived in poor conditions. Khrushchev Remembers - The New York Times A bout of childhood smallpox scarred his face, and his left arm was mangled, most likely in a carriage accident. [144] That renewed thaw ended on 1 December 1962, when Khrushchev was taken to the Manezh Gallery to view an exhibit which included a number of avant-garde works. "Soviet agriculture under Khrushchev. After Khrushchev attacked China in his speech to the congress, Chinese leader Peng Zhen mocked Khrushchev, stating that the premier's foreign policy was to blow hot and cold towards the West. [280] Soviet state radio carried the announcement of Khrushchev's statement, and it was the first time in six years that he had been mentioned in that medium. Mikhail Gorbachev, then a Komsomol official, recalled that though young and well-educated Soviets in his district were excited by the speech, many others decried it, either defending Stalin or seeing little point in digging up the past. While Khrushchev had threatened to defend Cuba with Soviet missiles, the premier contented himself with after-the-fact aggressive remarks. [73], In an effort to increase agricultural production, the kolkhozes (collective farms) were empowered to expel residents who were not pulling their weight. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Emboldened by statements from former U.S. [2] Sergei Khrushchev was employed in a number of positions in the Donbas area of far eastern Ukraine, working as a railwayman, as a miner, and laboring in a brick factory. When World War I broke out in 1914, Khrushchev was exempt from conscription because he was a skilled metal worker. No one wanted to risk war over the issue. [68], After Uranus forced the Germans into retreat, Khrushchev served on other fronts of the war. [218], Khrushchev made his second and final visit to the United States in September 1960. Why Being Second-in-Command Rules - Star Trek "[226], On 16 October, Kennedy was informed that U-2 flights over Cuba had discovered what were most likely medium-range missile sites, and though he and his advisors considered approaching Khrushchev through diplomatic channels, they could come up with no way of doing this that would not appear weak. The second secretary was the number-two position at every level, from top to bottom, of the administrative apparatus (secretariat) of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU). As the saying goes, you could have heard a pin drop. In his prime, Stalin was hailed as a universal genius, as a shining sun, or the staff of life, and also as a great teacher and friend (especially of those communities he most savagely persecuted); once he was even publicly invoked as Our Father by a metropolitan of the Russian Orthodox Church. By now he had adopted the name Stalin, deriving from Russian stal (steel); he also briefly edited the newly founded Bolshevik newspaper Pravda before undergoing his longest period of exile: in Siberia from July 1913 to March 1917. During what was known in the Soviet Union as the Great Patriotic War, Khrushchev was again a commissar, serving as an intermediary between Stalin and his generals. This page was last edited on 1 July 2023, at 07:06. Under the reforms, no prosecution for a political crime could be brought even in the regular courts unless approved by the local Party committee. [263] Even though Khrushchev suspected the real reason for the meeting,[264] he flew to Moscow, accompanied by the head of the Georgian KGB, General Aleksi Inauri, but otherwise taking no precautions.[265]. "[275] Khrushchev was made a non-person to such an extent that the thirty-volume Great Soviet Encyclopedia omitted his name from the list of prominent political commissars during the Great Patriotic War. Also known as: Ioseb Dzhugashvili, Iosif Vissarionovich Stalin, Former Lecturer in Russian, University of Oxford. Corn became so unpopular in 1965 that its planting fell to the lowest level in the postwar period, as even kolkhozes which had been successful with it in Ukraine and other southern portions of the USSR refused to plant it. [22] While Khrushchev's responsibility lay in political affairs, he involved himself in the practicalities of resuming full production at the mine after the chaos of the war years. When it became clear that the launch was real, and Sputnik 1 was in orbit, Western governments concluded that the Soviet ICBM program was further along than it actually was. [134] Though Khrushchev was now preeminent, he did not enjoy Stalin's absolute power. On seeing them, Khrushchev exploded with anger, an episode known as the Manege Affair, describing the artwork as "dog shit",[145] and proclaiming that "a donkey could smear better art with its tail". Castro stated, thirty years later, "We had a sovereign right to accept the missiles. Stalin's Genocides | Hoover Institution Stalin's Genocides The Soviets agreed to allow the new Polish leadership to take office, on the assurance there would be no change to the Soviet-Polish relationship. "[208] The friendly American audiences convinced Khrushchev that he had achieved a strong personal relationship with Eisenhower and that he could achieve dtente with the Americans. Stalin's office records show meetings at which Khrushchev was present as early as 1932. [125] Khrushchev's son, Sergei, later wrote, "[C]learly, Father tried to ensure it would reach as many ears as possible. [124] Beginning in October 1955, Khrushchev fought to tell the delegates to the upcoming 20th Party Congress about Stalin's crimes. On 25 February 1956, at the 20th Party Congress, he delivered the "Secret Speech", which denounced Stalin's purges and ushered in a less repressive era in the Soviet Union. Joseph Stalin (at left) seated with U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill. [191] In January 1960, he took advantage of improved relations with the U.S. to order a reduction of one-third in the size of Soviet armed forces, alleging that advanced weapons would make up for the lost troops. With anti-Soviet displays becoming more common in Poland, and crucial Polish leadership elections upcoming, Khrushchev and other Presidium members flew to Warsaw on 19 October to meet with the Polish Presidium. [206] While visiting IBM's new research campus in San Jose, California, Khrushchev expressed little interest in computer technology, but he greatly admired the self-service cafeteria, and, on his return, introduced self-service in the Soviet Union. Encyclopedia.com. Even though millions of Ukrainians had been taken to Germany as workers or prisoners of war, there was insufficient housing for those who remained. His biographer, William Taubman, suggests that Khrushchev's delay in affiliating himself with the Bolsheviks was because he felt closer to the Mensheviks who prioritized economic progress, whereas the Bolsheviks sought political power. PDF The Crimes of the Stalin Era, Special Report to the 20th Congress of After some false starts, and a narrowly avoided nuclear war over Cuba, he conducted successful negotiations with the United States to reduce Cold War tensions. Who was Joseph Stalin's second-in-command? [286] Veteran New York Times Moscow correspondent Harry Schwartz wrote of Khrushchev, "Mr. Khrushchev opened the doors and windows of a petrified structure. Until 1782 the two secretaries of state divided their responsibilities into southern and northern Europe, dealing with the catholic and, Second World War: The Effect on the Development of Psychoanalysis, Second-Parent Curbs Driving Same-Sex Couple from Arizona, https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/second-secretary, Russian and Soviet Rulers since 1462 ( (table)). [196] Khrushchev added to this misapprehension by stating in an October 1957 interview that the USSR had all the rockets, of whatever capacity, that it needed. Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. Becky Little is a journalist based in Washington, D.C. [169][170], While visiting the United States in 1959, Khrushchev was greatly impressed by the agricultural education program at Iowa State University, and sought to imitate it in the Soviet Union. With Khrushchev gone, Brezhnev took his place as the Communist Partys first secretary (which became general secretary in 1966) and with it, leadership of the Soviet Union.

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