what are the two main biological theories of aging?

Theories of Biological Development - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Different theories of ageing - UK Essays Although direct causal relationships have not been established for all these detrimental outcomes, the immune system has been at least indirectly implicated (4). The aging changes that the theory addresses must occur commonly in all members of a humans. Biological clocks act through hormones to control the pace of aging. Taken together, these findings indicate the link among brain aging, neural stem cells and neurological diseases. 3) Cross-linking theory. Ageing, genes, environment and epigenetics: what twin studies tell us now, and in the future. Evaluating identical twins who have been raised together and contrasting this with identical twins who are raised apart can help to separate out behavior factors such as diet and other lifestyle habits as a cause of family trends in longevity. Christensen K, Kyvik KO, Holm NV, Skytthe A. Register-based research on twins. Legal. It can stop replicating by turning itself off, called cellular senescence. Genetic disorders. Biotheology - Wikipedia There are many theories about the mechanisms of age related changes. Cancer cells have figured out a way to not remove, and sometimes even add to, a section of the telomere. Kochman, K. (2015). Within these chromosomes lie our genes, our genetic blueprint responsible for carrying the information for every process which will take place in our cells. People whose parents and ancestors have lived longer, tend to live longer and vice versa. Theories of Aging-Biological Theories. It is well-known that telomere maintenance appears to be essential for the prolonged persistence of stem cell function in organs with extensive cell turnover (18). According to Jin (2010), modern biological theories of human aging involve two categories. The cross-linking theory of aging was proposed by Johan Bjorksten in 1942 (8). Sociologic Theories of Aging Disengagement Theory - Proposed that is the natural course of aging the individual does, and should, slowly withdraw Figure 9.10 Telomeres and Cellular SenescenceAdapted from National Institute on Aging. New York: McGraw-Hill Education. Yang H, Zhang Q, Zhang B, Zhao Y, Wang N. Mar Drugs. In particular, damage to mitochondrial DNA might lead to mitochondrial dysfunction. Inclusion in an NLM database does not imply endorsement of, or agreement with, Accessibility In this special issue, Dr. Shimokawa and Dr. Trindade discuss recent findings on restricting calories-related genes or molecules in rodent models, particularly on the roles of fork head box O transcription factors, AMP-activated protein kinase, and sirtuins (particularly SIRT1) in the effects of restricting calories in rodents (14). Abstract. Currently popular aspect theories include perturbations in the following biological systems or phenomena as a principal cause of aging: the immune system, the neuroendocrine system, somatic cell mutation, the genetic program, error accumulation and repair, selected physiological states, generation and scavenging of free radicals, cross-linking . You are free to use it to write your own assignment, however you must reference it properly. Your body experiences many changes throughout life. eCollection 2013. According to Jin (2010), modern biological theories of human aging involve two categories. According to the theory, our longevity is primarily determined at the moment of conception and is largely reliant on our parents and their genes., The basis behind this theory is that segments of DNA that occur at the end of chromosomes, called telomeres, determine the maximum lifespan of a cell. Before Life and death: metabolic rate, membrane composition, and life span of animals. It appears that while genes in all of our cells have the code word for the enzyme telomerase which inhibits telomere shortening and possibly even results in lengthening, the gene is only "turned on" or "expressed" as geneticists say, in cells such as white blood cells and cancer cells. Many theories, which fall into two main categories: programmed and error theories, have been proposed to explain the process of aging, but neither of them appears to be fully satisfactory. Life span is the key to the intrinsic biological causes of aging, as these factors ensure an individuals survival to a certain point until biological ageing eventually causes death. At the end of each of our chromosomes lies a piece of "junk" DNA called telomeres. Despite recent advances in molecular biology and genetics, the mysteries that control human lifespan are yet to be unraveled. 2) Rate of living theory. The free radical theory of ageing is one of the most prominent and well studied. Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.org. There are two classes: - Non-programmed theories -The force of evolution is toward obtaining a particular . Indeed, dysregulated immune response has been linked to cardiovascular disease, inflammation, Alzheimers disease (AD), and cancer. Additional attention should be paid to ones nutrition; changes in diet with a focus on fruit and vegetables, nuts, dietary products are recommended if there are no allergies linked to the products. If you use an assignment from StudyCorgi website, it should be referenced accordingly. There are many theories about the mechanisms of age related changes. These theories may interact with each other in a complex way. 2019;10:266. doi:10.3389/fendo.2019.00266. Another theory is that aging is related to the late effects of certain genes, and is referred to as pleiotropic antagonism. Theories of biological aging - ScienceDirect Aging Cell. Here, we synthesize the two theories, along with the latest advances in genomics research. The process must produce changes that cause organ dysfunctions and that ultimately cause a particular body organ or system to fail. Regardless of the particular causes of aging, it can make a difference to: Jin K. Modern biological theories of aging. Causes and Risk Factors of Acute Myeloid Leukemia, Free Radicals: Definition, Cause, and Role in Cancer, cystic fibrosis is a condition in which a child inherits two mutated genes. The programmed theories imply that aging follows a biological timetable, perhaps a continuation of the one that regulates childhood growth and development. Biological theories of aging - ScienceDirect Some genes, when mutated are harmful, like those that increase the risk of cancer. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. By understanding and testing the existing and new aging theories, it may be possible to promote successful aging. Careers. We know that there are some genes in the body that are turned on for only a certain period of time. What is the aging marker? Biological theory | definition of biological - Medical Dictionary It is a process that goes on over the entire adult life span of any living thing. We propose a new catastrophe theory of aging, this time with somatic mutations as the primary agent of the feedback loop. In 1961, Dr. Hayflick theorized that the human cells ability to divide is limited to approximately 50-times, after which they simply stop dividing (the Hayflick limit theory of aging) (19). 2023 May 17;20(10):5845. doi: 10.3390/ijerph20105845. Cancer, aging and cellular senescence. 2023 Feb 8;24(4):3397. doi: 10.3390/ijms24043397. Chronic Kidney Disease: Identification and Control, Personal Health Records in the US Healthcare, National Council of State Boards of Nursing, Womens Therapeutic Lifestyle Modication Study, Miami Epidemiology and Healthy People 2020 Program, HIV/AIDS Patients Prognosis and Affecting Factors, Dorothea Orem and the Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory, Repetitive ADLs (including bed mobility, sit-to-stand, transfer to various surface and height, etc.) Salazar J, Durn P, Daz MP, Chacn M, Santeliz R, Mengual E, Gutirrez E, Len X, Daz A, Bernal M, Escalona D, Hernndez LAP, Bermdez V. Int J Environ Res Public Health. the contents by NLM or the National Institutes of Health. 2016;166(4):822839. THE BIOLOGY OF AGING BIOLOGICAL THEORIES OF AGING ence as human aging is the synthesis of bi- ological, psy- What synthesis aging ence ological, chological, we as human chological, is experi- of psy- and and the bi- social factors. Some gene mutations are inherited and may shorten lifespan. Biological theories of aging - PHDessay.com Dr. Taupin discusses the association of aging with neurogenesis by emphasizing the role of adult neurogenesis in the pathogenesis of neurological diseases (23). The process must produce changes that cause organ dysfunctions and that ultimately cause a particular body organ or system to fail. The quest for genetic determinants of human longevity: challenges and insights. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. Solving the programmed/non-programmed aging conundrum. Direct measurements of telomere length have shown that telomeres are vulnerable to genetic factors that can speed up the rate of aging. Arch Med Sci. (Chou, Hwang, & Wu, 2012, p. 240), Walking (three to four times per week, approx. National Library of Medicine According to the genetic theory of aging, your genes (as well as mutations in those genes) are responsible for how long you'll live. 2020. The role of senescent cells in ageing. Theories of Aging | Activity, Continuity, & Disengagement Theory New elements in modern biological theories of aging. The Biological Theory of Aging. Theories of Aging - NURS 302 Theories of Aging- Biological - Studocu Cell. These cells now remember how to fight a certain infection should the body ever come across this invader again. Ishikawa N, Nakamura K, Izumiyama-shimomura N, et al. In the first category, aging is essentially an accident; an accumulation of damage and wear and tear to the body which eventually leads to death. When stem cells grow old: phenotypes and mechanisms of stem cell aging. These remarkable changes in human biology have produced challenges for . A recent study shows that telomeres shorten with age in neural stem cells of the hippocampus and that telomerase-deficient mice exhibit reduced neurogenesis as well as impaired neuronal differentiation and neuritogenesis (22). The damage or error theory include 1) Wear and tear theory. The Biological Theory of Aging. Unlike embryonic stem cells, adult stem cells cannot mature into any type of cell but rather only a certain number of cell types. 2015;8(1):34-40. doi: 10.2174/1874609808666150421131841. Aging Dis. These two categories of theory[2]are also referred to as non-programmed aging theories based on evolutionary concepts (where aging is considered the result of an organisms inability to better combat natural deteriorative processes), and programmed ageing theories (which consider aging to ultimately be the result of a biological mechanism or program that purposely causes or allows deterioration and death in order to obtain a direct evolutionary benefit achieved by limiting lifespan beyond a species-specific optimum lifespan (Figure 1). In the early 1900s, a series offlawed experiments by researcher Alexis Carrel demonstrated that in an optimalenvironment, cells of higher organisms (chickens) were able to divide continually, leadingpeople to believe our cells to potentially possess immortal properties. 2013 Mar 6;4:25. doi: 10.3389/fgene.2013.00025. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. Aging is a complex spatial and temporal hierarchy of dynamic activities that are integrated over the life cycle of a complex dance. Recent studies confirm that aging is hormonally regulated and that the evolutionarily conserved insulin/IGF-1 signaling (IIS) pathway plays a key role in the hormonal regulation of aging. Korean J Audiol. You are not doomed if your family members tend to die young, and you can't ignore your health even if your family members tend to live long. Is there a limit to how old we can grow? As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. We briefly discuss four primary theories of biological aging: Pluripotent stem cells are immature cells that have the potential to become any type of cell in the body. Evolutionary Theory: Evolutionary psychology emphasizes the importance of natural selection; that is, those genes that allow one to survive and reproduce will be more likely to be transmitted to offspring. It's important to note that this theory refers to adult stem cells, not embryonic stem cells. 2011;39(7 Suppl):185-90. doi:10.1177/1403494811399170, Christensen K, Johnson TE, Vaupel JW. Studies have found that some chronic conditions such as high blood pressure are associated with less telomerase activity whereas a healthy diet and exercise are linked with longer telomeres. The first is Programmed Theories that follow a biological timetable, possibly a continuation of childhood development. Eur J Immunol. With age these cells lose their ability to communicate as effectively, making it harder for the body to mobilize its defenses. Stochastic - aging occurs as a random event and occurs over time. The greater an organisms rate of oxygen basal metabolism, the shorter its life span (5). Print. For example, as one grows older, antibodies lose their effectiveness, and fewer new diseases can be combated effectively by the body, which causes cellular stress and eventual death (3). Biological Theory. By Edward L. Schneider - Jstor Further, some damage is harmless. If a mutation occurs in proteins that regulate the growth of a cell, cancer may result. This theory believes that the effects of aging are caused by damage done to the cells and the body system over time and essentially these damages wear the body out until the body can't function correctly. 5) Somatic DNA damage theory. Effect of exercise on physical function, daily living activities, and quality of life in the frail older adults: A meta-analysis. Taupin P. Aging and Neurogenesis, a Lesion from Alzheimers Disease. The macromolecules such as nucleic acids, lipids, sugars, and proteins are susceptible to free radical attack. Autoimmune Theory, which states that the immune system is programmed to decline over time, leading to an increased vulnerability to infectious disease and thus ageing and death. It suggests that aging is caused by progressive accumulation of damage by various factors. Before delving into the tenets of how genetics affects aging, and the arguments for and against this theory, it's helpful to briefly discuss the primary categories of aging theories and some of the specific theories in these categories. Cells and tissues have vital parts that wear out resulting in aging. Biological Theory - aging is a predetermined and timed phenomenon, NOT RANDOM Programmed Aging Theories Suggest that aging is the result of predictable cellular death Programmed Aging Theories The cell and orgsanism have genetically determined life spans Hayflick limit biological clock; cell and organism have predetermined lifespans Damage or error theories specify environmental assaults as the catalysts of aging that depend on the damages cumulated in ones body and cells (also known as the free radical theory of aging) (Kochman, 2015). By understanding and testing the existing and new aging theories, it may be possible to promote successful aging. PDF 1 Biological Theories of Aging - Springer The programmed theories imply that aging follows a biological timetable (regulated by changes in gene expression that affect the systems responsible for maintenance, repair and defense responses), and the damage or error theories emphasize environmental assaults to living organisms that induce cumulative damage at various levels as the cause of ageing[1]. In order to provide health teaching related to age processes, I would address such topics as stress, malnutrition, genetic research, socioeconomic factors, environmental factors, vitamins and other parts of healthy nutrition, mental illnesses, socialization, etc. Verywell Health's content is for informational and educational purposes only. If you are the original creator of this paper and no longer wish to have it published on StudyCorgi, request the removal. Immune and Hormonal Stress Theories: Ever notice how quickly U.S. presidents seem to age? Three major psychosocial theories on aging. But what is the mechanism behind this cellular senescence? Before van Heemst D. Insulin, IGF-1 and longevity. 2014;509(7501):439-46. doi:10.1038/nature13193, Schultz MB, Sinclair DA. MeSH Some neurological diseases are considered to be at high risk with increasing age, for example, AD, which is diagnosed in people over 65 years of age. Front Neurosci. Bookshelf Genetic Cellular theories - DNA Damage Theory Important Contraindications: - Mutations and radiation affect dividing cells, whereas the physiological effects of aging are . These theories provide new experimental approaches to further develop our understanding of the phenomenon of ageing. The factors proposed to influence biological ageing fall into two main categories, programmed and error-related. Theories of Biological Aging | Encyclopedia.com With each replication, the telomere gets shorter. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Saunders. government site. The free radicals are missing an electron and create instability in surrounding molecules by taking electrons from them. 2012;41(5):581-6. doi:10.1093/ageing/afs097. At the same time, we know that genetics alone are not the sole cause of aging. Epigenetic Mechanisms of Longevity and Aging. Aging is a result of programmed senescence (Bengtson, Gans, Putney, & Silverstein, 2009). Dietary Restriction and Aging in Rodents: a Current View on its Molecular Mechanisms. DNA Damage: Over time DNA, which contains the genetic code for all organisms, accumulates damage. Recent studies show that endogenous neural stem cells in the hippocampus of adult brain may involve in memory function (16). Aging and Disease, 8001 Redwood, Blvd. Afanasev I. Chou, C. H., Hwang, C. L., & Wu, Y. T. (2012). Our genes can be envisioned as a series of letters that make up words and sentences of instructions. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Aging | Definition, Process, & Effects | Britannica Oxygen poisoning and x-irradiation: a mechanism in common. Nishiguchi, S., Yamada, M., Tanigawa, T., Sekiyama, K., Kawagoe, T., Suzuki, M., & Aoyama, T. (2015). One of the most significant achievements of modern society is the rise in human longevity. Our website is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. "The Biological Theory of Aging." By Mark Stibich, PhD NIA has established two goals related to the basic science of aging: Goal A: Better understand the biology of aging and its impact on the prevention, progression, and prognosis of disease and disability. Modern biological theories of aging in humans fall into two main categories: programmed and damage or error theories. The programmed theories imply that aging follows a biological timetable, perhaps a continuation of the one that regulates childhood growth and development. These theories may interact with each other in a complex way. The glycation theory of aging proposes that the nonenzymatic condensation of glucose with amino groups in proteins leads to dysfunction of those proteins, a process that is accelerated in diabetics because of their increased level of circulating glucose. Iodized Salt a Hundred Years Ago. It's been estimated that genes can explain a maximum of 35 percent of lifespan, but there is still more we do not understand about aging than which we do understand. Overall, it's likely that aging is a multifactorial process, meaning that it is probably a combination of several of the theories. Different theories of ageing. Modern Biological Theories of Aging - PubMed 2018;10(12). As older adults produce fewer new T-cells to be programmed, they are less able to fight off new threats and new vaccines work less effectively. To understand how this stress affects aging, researchers note that both problems with the innate and adaptive immune system play a key role. No one theory is sufficiently able to explain the process of aging, and they often contradict one another. Eat a healthy diet - A diet high in fruits and vegetables is associated with greater telomerase activity (in effect, less shortening of the telomeres in your cells). Cornelius E. Increased incidence of lymphomas in thymectomized mice--evidence for an immunological theory of aging. World Health Organization. I would also educate the patient about the normality of the aging process and point out that it should not be perceived as a failure or malfunction. Error theories include several separate theories including: Programmed theories of aging are also broken down into different categories based on the method by which our bodies are programmed to age and die. A diet high in omega-3-fatty acids is associated with longer telomeres but a diet high in omega-6-fatty acids is the opposite and associated with shorter telomeres. The field of epigenetics is also helping scientists understand how environmental factors may work within the constraints of genetics to either protect or predispose to disease.. https://studycorgi.com/the-biological-theory-of-aging/. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 63(7), 1355-1363. An official website of the United States government. The shingles vaccine is acting as a booster (NIA, 2011a). Would you like email updates of new search results? Before discussing the key concepts related to aging and genetics, let's review what our DNA is and some of the basic ways in which genes affect our lifespan. Disclaimer: Services provided by StudyCorgi are to be used for research purposes only. Cellular senescence in aging primates. Many theories, which fall into two main categories: programmed and error theories, have been proposed to explain the process of aging, but neither of them appears to be fully satisfactory. 3(3):260-267. Theories of biological aging: genes, proteins, and free radicals Aging and internally determined lifespan, like other evolved traits (such as adult height), varies somewhat between individual members of a . Retrieved from https://studycorgi.com/the-biological-theory-of-aging/, StudyCorgi. A novel classification system for evolutionary aging theories. doi:10.1111/acel.12843, Pinti M, Appay V, Campisi J, et al. Nat Rev Genet. Bjorksten J, Tenhu H. The crosslinking theory of aging--added evidence. 2019;S1046-2023(18)30382-7. doi:10.1016/j.ymeth.2019.11.002, Longo VD. Exercise - Studies have found that physical activity not only helps your heart and lung function well, but exercise lengthens telomeres. Understanding the Dynamics of the Aging Process T-cells are in a nave state before they are programmed to fight an invader, and become memory cells. Flores I, Cayuela ML, Blasco MA. Curr Aging Sci. Rollo proposes a modified version of Pearls rate of living theory emphasizing the hard-wired antagonism of growth (TOR) and stress resistance (FOXO) (7). 2) Endocrine Theory. Aging of the immune system: Focus on inflammation and vaccination. These telomeres become shorter and shorter and eventually, the cells cannot divide without losing important pieces of DNA.. The site is secure. Cell senescence refers to the process by which cells decay over time. However, the research on the effectiveness of antioxidants is not conclusive (Harvard School of Public Health, 2016). FOIA Memory cells can remain in your body for many decades, and why the measles vaccine you received as a child is still protecting you from this virus today. Perhaps the strongest evidence in support of the genetic theory is the considerable species-specific differences in maximal survival, with some species (such as butterflies) having very short lifespans, and others, such as elephants and whales, being similar to ours.

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