buddhism founder and date

1.2 Origin of Buddhism and its Founder 1.3 Who was the Founder of Buddhism? The Buddha - Wikipedia While some interpretations state that Buddhism may have originated as a social reform, other scholars state that it is incorrect and anachronistic to regard the Buddha as a social reformer. Yin-shun (2012). Bucknell, Rod, "The Buddhist Path to Liberation: An Analysis of the Listing of Stages". [507] Modern Buddhist movements include Secular Buddhism in many countries, Won Buddhism in Korea, the Dhammakaya movement in Thailand and several Japanese organisations, such as Shinnyo-en, Rissh Ksei Kai or Soka Gakkai. An example of this is evidenced in Chinese and Pali Buddhist records, such as Milindapanha and the Greco-Buddhist art of Gandhra. 'extinguishing') as a means of transcending the individual self and ending the cycle of death and rebirth (sasra),[14][15][16] while the Mahayana tradition emphasizes the Bodhisattva-ideal, in which one works for the liberation of all beings. "Introduction: The Shapes and Sources of Engaged Buddhism". [135][136][137][note 16] In some texts, the state is described with greater detail, such as passing through the gate of emptiness (sunyata) realising that there is no soul or self in any living being, then passing through the gate of signlessness (animitta) realising that nirvana cannot be perceived, and finally passing through the gate of wishlessness (apranihita) realising that nirvana is the state of not even wishing for nirvana. Well-known proponents of the third position are J.W. [539][540] Buddhism has also spread to the Nordic countries; for example, the Burmese Buddhists founded in the city of Kuopio in North Savonia the first Buddhist monastery of Finland, named the Buddha Dhamma Ramsi monastery.[541]. 13, 18, Orzech, Charles D. (general editor) (2011). [245] A monk abides by these institutionalised rules, and living life as the vinaya prescribes it is not merely a means, but very nearly the end in itself. [66][67] Dukkha is most commonly translated as "suffering", but this is inaccurate, since it refers not to episodic suffering, but to the intrinsically unsatisfactory nature of temporary states and things, including pleasant but temporary experiences. [237][238] Undertaking the five precepts is part of regular lay devotional practice, both at home and at the local temple. [41][note 4] Some of the stories about the Buddha, his life, his teachings, and claims about the society he grew up in may have been invented and interpolated at a later time into the Buddhist texts. Christianity | Definition, Origin, History, Beliefs, Symbols, Types [248], A related Buddhist virtue and practice is renunciation, or the intent for desirelessness (nekkhamma). As Gethin states "the Sangha lives the teaching, preserves the teaching as Scriptures and teaches the wider community. Originating as a monastic movement within the dominant Brahman tradition of the day, Buddhism quickly developed in a distinctive direction. [321] Indian Mahayana thinkers like Shantideva promoted the avoidance of meat. Good, skilful deeds (Pli: kusala) and bad, unskilful deeds (Pli: akusala) produce "seeds" in the unconscious receptacle (laya) that mature later either in this life or in a subsequent rebirth. [48][49][note 5], Finding these teachings to be insufficient to attain his goal, he turned to the practice of severe asceticism, which included a strict fasting regime and various forms of breath control. The Kushans patronised Buddhism throughout their lands, and many Buddhist centers were built or renovated (the Sarvastivada school was particularly favored), especially by Emperor Kanishka (128151 CE). [344][345], Some features of these texts include the widespread use of mantras, meditation on the subtle body, worship of fierce deities, and antinomian and transgressive practices such as ingesting alcohol and performing sexual rituals. Graham Harvey: "Siddhartha Gautama found an end to rebirth in this world of suffering. ", Lopez: "The original teachings of the historical Buddha are extremely difficult, if not impossible, to recover or reconstruct. [533] Large Buddhist populations live in Mainland China, Taiwan, North Korea, Nepal and South Korea. [199], Mahayana Buddhist teachers such as Yin Shun also state that hearing the Dharma and study of the Buddhist discourses is necessary "if one wants to learn and practice the Buddha Dharma. [480] Japanese Buddhism also went through a period of modernisation during the Meiji period. [222] Tibetan Buddhism sometimes adds a fourth refuge, in the lama. The practice of giving for example, is one form of cultivating renunciation. During and after the Mauryan period (322180 BCE), the Sthavira community gave rise to several schools, one of which was the Theravada school which tended to congregate in the south and another which was the Sarvstivda school, which was mainly in north India. Tokyo: Institute of Oriental Culture, University of Tokyo, 2009. [250] Renunciation can be cultivated in different ways. [68][79][web 1] Dukkha can be translated as "incapable of satisfying",[web 5] "the unsatisfactory nature and the general insecurity of all conditioned phenomena"; or "painful". Buddhism Timeline - World History Encyclopedia [248] This practice is said to give rise to an inner peace and happiness which forms a basis for concentration and insight. Other widely observed practices include: monasticism; "taking refuge" in the Buddha, the dharma, and the sagha; and the cultivation of perfections (pramit). Richard Gombrich: "I have the greatest difficulty in accepting that the main edifice is not the work of a single genius. developing samadhi and the four dhynas. Its function consists of giving a basis to knowledge (jna). [note 33], Some scholars[note 34] use other schemes. In the various graduated paths, this is usually presented as a practice which is taught prior to formal sitting meditation, and which supports meditation by weakening sense desires that are a hindrance to meditation. Who is the true Founder of Buddhism? - World History Edu The early sources state he was born in the small Shakya (Pali: Sakya) Republic, which was part of the Kosala realm of ancient India, now in modern-day Nepal. "Emptiness" or "voidness" (Skt: nyat, Pali: Suat), is a related concept with many different interpretations throughout the various Buddhisms. [128][129], Nirvana literally means "blowing out, quenching, becoming extinguished". the multi-dimensional classification in, This is a contested number. This Day In History During the three month rainy season (vassa) they would gather together in one place for a period of intense practice and then depart again. [176] It also refers to the universal law and cosmic order which that teaching both reveals and relies upon. For example, in the Pali Four Ways to Arahantship Sutta (AN 4.170), it is said that one can develop calm and then insight, or insight and then calm, or both at the same time. [7], Buddhism is the dominant religion in Thailand, Cambodia, Tibet, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Bhutan, Laos, Mongolia, Japan,[529] Hong Kong,[530] Macau,[531] Singapore,[532] and Vietnam. [112][note 12], A central aspect of Buddhist theory of karma is that intent (cetan) matters and is essential to bring about a consequence or phala "fruit" or vipka "result". Diseases and suffering induced by the disruptive actions of other people are examples of non-karma suffering. Buddhism is practised by an estimated 488 million,[7] 495 million,[526] or 535 million[527] people as of the 2010s, representing 7% to 8% of the world's total population. In, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Buddhadharma: The Practitioner's Quarterly, gradually spread throughout much of Asia via the Silk Road, epistemological tradition of Dignaga and Dharmakirti, Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent, Iconography of Gautama Buddha in Laos and Thailand, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "buddhism noun - Definition, pictures, pronunciation and usage notes | Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary at OxfordLearnersDictionaries.com", "Christianity 2015: Religious Diversity and Personal", "Self or No Self: Views from Self Psychology and Buddhism in a Postmodern Context", "Delusional Mitigation in Religious and Psychological Forms of Self-Cultivation: Buddhist and Clinical Insight on Delusional Symptomatology", A Comparative Study of the Majjhima-nikya Volume 1. "Satipahna: The Direct Path to Realization," p. 225. "[438], Already during this later era, Buddhism was losing state support in other regions of India, including the lands of the Karkotas, the Pratiharas, the Rashtrakutas, the Pandyas and the Pallavas. Regardless of their interpretation, the concept of Buddha is central to all forms of Buddhism. [371][372][373] However, these texts were revised over time, and it is unclear what constitutes the earliest layer of Buddhist teachings. [112][119], A notable aspect of the karma theory in Buddhism is merit transfer. [536], Buddhism is also growing by conversion. [312] Devotional practices include ritual prayer, prostration, offerings, pilgrimage, and chanting. He was born in Lumbini, present-day Nepal and grew up in Kapilavastu,[note 2] a town in the Ganges Plain, near the modern NepalIndia border, and he spent his life in what is now modern Bihar[note 3] and Uttar Pradesh. Thus while "there can be no question that the Buddhist tantras were heavily influenced by Kapalika and other Saiva movements" argues Davidson, "the influence was apparently mutual. Modern historians generally hold that the first of these texts were composed probably around the 1st century BCE or 1st century CE. [439] The Islamic invasions and conquest of India (10th to 12th century), further damaged and destroyed many Buddhist institutions, leading to its eventual near disappearance from India by the 1200s. The Buddhist canon is vast, with many different textual collections in different languages (such as Sanskrit, Pali, Tibetan, and Chinese).[17]. [web 6] An alternative scheme used by some scholars divides Buddhism into the following three traditions or geographical or cultural areas: Theravda (or "Southern Buddhism", "South Asian Buddhism"), East Asian Buddhism (or just "Eastern Buddhism") and Indo-Tibetan Buddhism (or "Northern Buddhism"). For the magazine, see, Toggle Common Buddhist practices subsection, Toggle Buddhism in the modern era subsection, Tantra, visualization and the subtle body, The exact identity of this ancient place is unclear. East Asian Buddhist institutions also use various structures including monastic halls, temples, lecture halls, bell towers and pagodas. [300] The methods of Unsurpassable Yoga Tantra, (anuttarayogatantra) are in turn seen as the highest and most advanced. Already by the last quarter of the 2nd century CE, there was a small, seemingly idiosyncratic collection of substantial Mahayana sutras translated into what Erik Zrcher calls 'broken Chinese' by an Indoscythian, whose Indian name has been reconstructed as Lokaksema. [299], In Tibetan Buddhism, unique tantric techniques which include visualization (but also mantra recitation, mandalas, and other elements) are considered to be much more effective than non-tantric meditations and they are one of the most popular meditation methods. [201] These eight factors are: Right View (or Right Understanding), Right Intention (or Right Thought), Right Speech, Right Action, Right Livelihood, Right Effort, Right Mindfulness, and Right Concentration. [481] In Central Asia meanwhile, the arrival of Communist repression to Tibet (19661980) and Mongolia (between 1924 and 1990) had a strong negative impact on Buddhist institutions, though the situation has improved somewhat since the 80s and 90s.[482]. [125][139][note 17], The nirvana state has been described in Buddhist texts partly in a manner similar to other Indian religions, as the state of complete liberation, enlightenment, highest happiness, bliss, fearlessness, freedom, permanence, non-dependent origination, unfathomable, and indescribable. [508][509][510], Buddhism has not been immune from sexual abuse and misconduct scandals, with victims coming forward in various Buddhist schools such as Zen and Tibetan. The focus is on developing clear appearance and divine pride (the understanding that oneself and the deity are one). [279] The four rupa-jhnas in Buddhist practice lead to rebirth in successfully better rupa Brahma heavenly realms, while arupa-jhnas lead into arupa heavens. China is the country with the largest population of Buddhists, approximately 244 million or 18% of its total population. Buddhism and Hinduism have common origins in the culture of Ancient India. [426], Mahyna initially seems to have remained a small minority movement that was in tension with other Buddhist groups, struggling for wider acceptance. [105][106], The Buddhist traditions have traditionally disagreed on what it is in a person that is reborn, as well as how quickly the rebirth occurs after death. ", "The south (of India) was then vigorously creative in producing Mahayana Sutras" Warder, See Hill (2009), p. 30, for the Chinese text from the, See e.g. Yung-Ming's Syncretism of Pure Land and Chan, The Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 10 (1), p. 117. Gyallay-Pap, Peter. Official numbers from the Chinese government are lower, while other surveys are higher. [451] It was also during the Song that the entire Chinese canon was printed using over 130,000 wooden printing blocks. 13, 1921, Heng-Ching Shih (1987). [349] This was a period of great intellectual ferment and socio-cultural change known as the "Second urbanisation", marked by the growth of towns and trade, the composition of the Upanishads and the historical emergence of the ramaa traditions. [31][note 1], Early texts have the Buddha's family name as "Gautama" (Pali: Gotama), while some texts give Siddhartha as his surname. [387] A recent study by Bhikkhu Analayo concludes that the Theravada Majjhima Nikaya and Sarvastivada Madhyama Agama contain mostly the same major doctrines. [534] The Indian state of Maharashtra account for 77% of all Buddhists in India. [519] Buddhist educational institutions like Nalanda and Vikramashila preserved various disciplines of classical Indian knowledge such as grammar, astronomy/astrology and medicine and taught foreign students from Asia. (2nd century CE). De Jong: "It would be hypocritical to assert that nothing can be said about the doctrine of earliest Buddhism [] the basic ideas of Buddhism found in the canonical writings could very well have been proclaimed by him [the Buddha], transmitted and developed by his disciples and, finally, codified in fixed formulas. [141][142] It has also been described in part differently, as a state of spiritual release marked by "emptiness" and realisation of non-self. Mahyna Buddhism also differs from Theravada and the other schools of early Buddhism in promoting several unique doctrines which are contained in Mahyna sutras and philosophical treatises. Growing up, Gautama departed from luxurious living and dedicated himself to asceticism (extreme self-denial) and discipline. [445] From China, Buddhism was introduced into its neighbours Korea (4th century), Japan (6th7th centuries), and Vietnam (c.1st2nd centuries). Boin-Webb, Sara. [515] One notably covered case in media of various Western countries was that of Sogyal Rinpoche which began in 1994,[516] and ended with his retirement from his position as Rigpa's spiritual director in 2017. 337-350. [413][414] Kushan support helped Buddhism to expand into a world religion through their trade routes. According to Harvey, this also covers fraud, cheating, forgery as well as "falsely denying that one is in debt to someone. Buddhist scriptures explain the five precepts (Pali: pacasla; Sanskrit: pacala) as the minimal standard of Buddhist morality. [246], Another important practice taught by the Buddha is the restraint of the senses (indriyasamvara). [122] Further, a person can transfer one's own good karma to living family members and ancestors. [211] It is the most important system of morality in Buddhism, together with the monastic rules. Buddhism , a major world religion, founded in northeastern India and based on the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama, who is known as the Buddha, or Enlightened One. Search for a crossword by publication and date. with Siddhartha Gautama, and over the next millennia it spread across Asia and the rest of the world. His social background and life details are difficult to prove, and the precise dates are uncertain, although the 5th century BCE seems to be the best estimate. [365][366][367] Buddhism was one among several Indian religions that did so. [282] The Buddha compares these mental qualities to a "swift pair of messengers" who together help deliver the message of nibbana (SN 35.245). Overcoming this ignorance is part of the path to awakening. [376] According to Vetter, inconsistencies remain, and other methods must be applied to resolve those inconsistencies. This period also saw the first Westerners to formally convert to Buddhism, such as Helena Blavatsky and Henry Steel Olcott. [435][436] Ronald M. Davidson meanwhile, argues that Sanderson's claims for direct influence from Shaiva Vidyapitha texts are problematic because "the chronology of the Vidyapitha tantras is by no means so well established"[437] and that the Shaiva tradition also appropriated non-Hindu deities, texts and traditions. Robert E. Buswell Jr., Donald S. Lopez Jr. (2013) "The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism," p. 18. Christianity, major religion stemming from the life, teachings, and death of Jesus of Nazareth (the Christ, or the Anointed One of God) in the 1st century ce. Srensen, Henrik H; Payne, Richard K; Orzech, Charles D. [310], Most forms of Buddhism "consider saddh (Skt raddh), 'trustful confidence' or 'faith', as a quality which must be balanced by wisdom, and as a preparation for, or accompaniment of, meditation. [120][121] A person accumulates merit not only through intentions and ethical living, but also is able to gain merit from others by exchanging goods and services, such as through dna (charity to monks or nuns). While this teaching reflects the true nature of reality, it is not a belief to be clung to, but a pragmatic teaching to be put into practice. [320] In contrast to this, various Mahayana sutras and texts like the Mahaparinirvana sutra, Surangama sutra and the Lankavatara sutra state that the Buddha promoted vegetarianism out of compassion. [278], Often grouped into the jhna-scheme are four other meditative states, referred to in the early texts as arupa sampattis (formless attainments). The first formless attainment is a place or realm of infinite space (ksnacyatana) without form or colour or shape. [98][99], Buddhist texts assert that rebirth can occur in six realms of existence, namely three good realms (heavenly, demi-god, human) and three evil realms (animal, hungry ghosts, hellish). Skilton A (01 October 2013). This new esoteric form of Buddhism can be traced back to groups of wandering yogi magicians called mahasiddhas. In different Buddhist traditions, other related practices which focus on fasting are followed. Timeline Dates 6th-5th century BCE 4th century BCE 3rd century BCE 2nd century BCE 1st century BCE 1st century 2nd century 3rd century 4th century 5th century 6th century 7th century 8th century 9th century 10th century 11th century 12th century 13th century 14th century 15th century 16th century 17th century 18th century 19th century 20th century [note 8]. [362] For example, prior to Buddhist developments, the Brahmanical tradition internalised and variously reinterpreted the three Vedic sacrificial fires as concepts such as Truth, Rite, Tranquility or Restraint. Origins of Buddhism - The Art of Asia - Buddhism Buddhism (/bdzm/ BUUD-ih-zm, US also /bud-/ BOOD-),[1][2][3] also known as Buddha Dharma, and Dharmavinaya (transl. ", "The Buddhist to Liberation: An Analysis of the Listing of Stages", "The Dating of the Historical Buddha: A Review Article", "Of Compassion and Capital Punishment: A Buddhist Perspective on the Death Penalty", "Huisi's Perspective on the Lotus Sutra as Seen Through the Meaning of the Course of Ease and Bliss in the Lotus Sutra", "Zen as a Social Ethics of Responsiveness", "On the Buddha's Use of Some Brahmanical Motifs in Pali Texts", "The Raks Literature of the rvakayna", "The Advent of Theravada Buddhism to Mainland South-east Asia", "Maha-parinibbana Sutta: Last Days of the Buddha", Worldwide Buddhist Information and Education Network, Early Buddhist texts, translations, and parallels, East Asian Buddhist Studies: A Reference Guide, Basic points unifying Theravda and Mahyna, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism&oldid=1162753427, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from October 2020, Articles with incomplete citations from October 2020, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Articles containing Sanskrit-language text, Articles lacking reliable references from September 2019, Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images, Wikipedia references cleanup from October 2022, Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from October 2022, All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Pages using Sister project links with default search, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0. [313] Buddhist devotion is usually focused on some object, image or location that is seen as holy or spiritually influential. [199], According to Rupert Gethin, the path to awakening is also frequently summarized by another a short formula: "abandoning the hindrances, practice of the four establishings of mindfulness, and development of the awakening factors."[200]. Timeline of Buddhist History - dummies [143][144][145][note 18], While Buddhism considers the liberation from sasra as the ultimate spiritual goal, in traditional practice, the primary focus of a vast majority of lay Buddhists has been to seek and accumulate merit through good deeds, donations to monks and various Buddhist rituals in order to gain better rebirths rather than nirvana. [132][133][134] Many later Buddhist texts describe nirvana as identical with anatta with complete "emptiness, nothingness". Another one is the giving up of lay life and becoming a monastic (bhiksu o bhiksuni). [107] The majority of Buddhist traditions, in contrast, assert that vijna (a person's consciousness) though evolving, exists as a continuum and is the mechanistic basis of what undergoes the rebirth process. [27][28] Buddhist scholar Donald S. Lopez asserts they also used the term Bauddha,[29] although scholar Richard Cohen asserts that that term was used only by outsiders to describe Buddhists. [478], Buddhism has faced various challenges and changes during the colonisation of Buddhist states by Christian countries and its persecution under modern states. [113][note 13] However, good or bad karma accumulates even if there is no physical action, and just having ill or good thoughts creates karmic seeds; thus, actions of body, speech or mind all lead to karmic seeds. [521] More recently, Buddhist meditation practices have influenced the development of modern psychology, particularly the practice of Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) and other similar mindfulness based modalities. One response to some of these challenges has come to be called Buddhist modernism. ), and using that image to cultivate calm and insight. Some scholars, like Bronkhorst, see the four dhynas as a Buddhist invention. [430], During the Gupta period (4th6th centuries) and the empire of Haravardana (c. 590647 CE), Buddhism continued to be influential in India, and large Buddhist learning institutions such as Nalanda and Valabahi Universities were at their peak. [288], Beginning with comments by La Vallee Poussin, a series of scholars have argued that these two meditation types reflect a tension between two different ancient Buddhist traditions regarding the use of dhyna, one which focused on insight based practice and the other which focused purely on dhyna. [182] All forms of Buddhism generally reveres these ryas (Pali: ariya, "noble ones" or "holy ones") who are spiritually attained beings. [314] Public group chanting for devotional and ceremonial is common to all Buddhist traditions and goes back to ancient India where chanting aided in the memorization of the orally transmitted teachings. Buryatia (20%) and Zabaykalsky Krai (15%) also have significant Buddhist populations. [18] Tibetan Buddhism, which preserves the Vajrayna teachings of eighth-century India, is practised in the Himalayan states as well as in Mongolia[19] and Russian Kalmykia. [271], Whatever the case, the Buddha taught meditation with a new focus and interpretation, particularly through the four dhynas methodology,[272] in which mindfulness is maintained. [292][293][294] These are traditionally believed to be a characteristic of the deity Brahma and the heavenly abode he resides in. The second is termed the realm of infinite consciousness (viacyatana); the third is the realm of nothingness (kicayatana), while the fourth is the realm of "neither perception nor non-perception". Get a list if all the clues in a single puzzle, no need to search for each clue separately. They are:[224][227][228], Undertaking and upholding the five precepts is based on the principle of non-harming (Pli and Sanskrit: ahisa). There are different practices and exercises for training mindfulness in the early discourses, such as the four Satipahnas (Sanskrit: smtyupasthna, "establishments of mindfulness") and npnasati (Sanskrit: npnasmti, "mindfulness of breathing"). In the Generation Stage, one meditates on emptiness and visualizes oneself as a deity as well as visualizing its mandala. Its function is non-distraction. For monks, beg to feed, only possessing what is essential to sustain life. [259], A wide range of meditation practices has developed in the Buddhist traditions, but "meditation" primarily refers to the attainment of samdhi and the practice of dhyna (Pali: jhna). [7][8][9], The Buddha's central teachings emphasize the aim of attaining liberation from attachment or clinging to existence, which is said to be marked by impermanence (anitya), dissatisfaction/suffering (dukha), and the absence of lasting essence (antman). Buddhism is an Indian religion[24] or philosophy. "The aiva Age: The Rise and Dominance of aivism during the Early Medieval Period." This doctrine sought to refute the heterodox theories of svabhava circulating at the time. [479], East Asian Buddhism meanwhile suffered under various wars which ravaged China during the modern era, such as the Taiping rebellion and World War II (which also affected Korean Buddhism). Founder of Buddhism: Origin, Who is he? And who was? - Postposmo The Chinese Buddhist canon, for example, includes 2184 texts in 55 volumes, while the Tibetan canon comprises 1108 texts all claimed to have been spoken by the Buddha and another 3461 texts composed by Indian scholars revered in the Tibetan tradition. (trans.). Johannes Bronkhorst states that the esoteric form was attractive because it allowed both a secluded monastic community as well as the social rites and rituals important to laypersons and to kings for the maintenance of a political state during succession and wars to resist invasion. Mahyna Buddhism meanwhile, has a vastly expanded cosmology, with various Buddhas and other holy beings (aryas) residing in different realms. [302], Praj (Sanskrit) or pa (Pli) is wisdom, or knowledge of the true nature of existence. About Buddha - The Founder of Buddhism - Heruka KMC Buddhism, like all Indian religions, was initially an oral tradition in ancient times. [177] It is an everlasting principle which applies to all beings and worlds. [500], In India, B.R. August 20, 2018 Stanford scholar discusses Buddhism and its origins Stanford religious studies Professor Paul Harrison talks about the latest research on the origin of Buddhism and the rise of Mahayana Buddhism, which has influenced most of today's Buddhist practices around the world. [68][107] The quality of one's rebirth depends on the merit or demerit gained by one's karma (i.e.

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