Embryology, including extensive reviews of the gastrulation process in seventeen different groups of organisms, from sponges to humans; Cellular Events, in-depth discussion of the many different cell movements and activities that break symmetry in the embryo, establish body axes, and induce mesoderm and neural tissues; One study is reported to have cultivated a bundle of stem cells to a critical stage in human development, called "gastrulation", which happens in a natural human embryo between 14 and 21 days. Disclaimer. Methods 12, 947950 (2015). eCollection 2023. eCollection 2019 Oct. Poult Sci. Ma H, Zhai J, Wan H, Jiang X, Wang X, Wang L, Xiang Y, He X, Zhao ZA, Zhao B, Zheng P, Li L, Wang H. Science. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06354-4, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06354-4. Implications from Chinese legislations guiding human embryo and embryoid research. The trends are up or down when there is an increasing or decreasing trend with a log2 fold change greater than 1 between the expression values at the beginning and at the end of the trajectory; flat genes are those having a log fold change less than 1 between initial and final expression value. An atlas of rabbit development as a model for single-cell - Nature Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 10, 91103 (2009). The authors have declared no competing interest. 2017 Oct;48:33-39. doi: 10.1016/j.ceb.2017.04.006. MeSH Pijuan-Sala, B. et al. Sci. The code used to create the human gastrula shiny app is available at https://github.com/ScialdoneLab/human-gastrula-shiny. a, UMAP highlighting combinatorial gene expression. & Kingsford, C. Salmon provides fast and bias-aware quantification of transcript expression. g, Heatmap showing the estimated mapping of human Erythroid and HEP subclusters to mouse blood-related clusters. Dev. Open Access articles citing this article. We obtained the spatiotemporal transcriptome from 90 sagittal sections of 16 whole human embryos from 3 to 8 post-conception weeks by Stereo-seq with high resolution and ultra-large field, establishing the development . In vitro culture of cynomolgus monkey embryos beyond early gastrulation. Tam, P. P. L. & Loebel, D. A. F. Gene function in mouse embryogenesis: get set for gastrulation. A peek into the black box of human embryology. Table details the cell number increase over the course of human extra embryoid development in comparison to primate embryos as reported previously. PubMedGoogle Scholar. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. 537-542, 2020). Early human embryonic development: Blastocyst formation to gastrulation Roost, M. S. et al. Ann-Judith Silverman ISSN 1476-4687 (online) Thank you for visiting nature.com. Dev Med Child Neurol. We use these data to analyse the cell types present and to make comparisons with other model systems. Scialdone, A. et al. 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. FOIA Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. From top to bottom the scatter plots show the number of detected genes, the fraction of reads mapped to the human genome, the fraction of reads mapped to mitochondrial genes and the fraction of reads mapped to ERCC spike-ins, all as a function of the total number of reads. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal MC_PC_17230/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom, MR/R006237/1/WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom, 108438/Z/15/Z/WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom, ERC_/European Research Council/International, 103788/Z/14/Z/WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom, 099175/Z/12/Z/WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom, 105031/C/14/Z/WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom, 215116/Z/18/Z/WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom, FS/18/24/33424/BHF_/British Heart Foundation/United Kingdom. PMC Commun. Peer review information Nature thanks Joshua Welch and the other, anonymous, reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work. 2020 Jul 1;29(13):807-810. doi: 10.1089/scd.2020.0006. While recent advances in high-resolution transcriptomic analyses at the single cell level have improved our capability to interrogate expression patterns directly in the human embryo, we still lack an understanding of basic molecular events in the human embryo, including how the first cell lineages become specified. F1000Research 8, 213 (2019). National Library of Medicine PDF Establishment of a novel non-integrated human pluripotent - bioRxiv Genes are marked by whether they are differentially expressed in mouse (DE mouse) or human (DE human), their expression trends in mouse and human and FDR in these species. c, Heatmap showing the scaled log expression of well-characterized marker genes for both the Hemato-Endothelial Progenitors subclusters and Erythroblast cluster. Gastrulation in humans occurs in the third week following fertilization. volume600,pages 285289 (2021)Cite this article. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2210113120. During this process, a structure called the notochord is formed in the midline in the mesodermal layer; the notochord is critical in inducing neurulation. 17, 75 (2016). ADS Nat. Abstract. Stern, C. D. Gastrulation: From Cells to Embryo (CSHL Press, 2004). Despite the great progress made on human gastruloids, axioloids and in vitro cultured blastoids, such elegant models do not constitute an integrated Stem cell-derived Embryo Models . 8600 Rockville Pike Here, we establish a model of the human post . ISSN 1548-7105 (online) (PDF) Human embryonic development: from peri-implantation to gastrulation and S.S. Human ES cell in vitro experiments: S.N. New insights into the epitranscriptomic control of pluripotent stem cell fate. Cell number and proliferative rates of human extra embryoids and primate embryos. List of HEP subcluster marker genes and associated FDR. Table showing datasets that include human and Cynomolgus monkey embryos from Tyser et al. PDF Human Pre-gastrulation Embryo Culture in 3D Condition - Springer Epub 2012 Dec 19. Johansson, B. M. & Wiles, M. V. Evidence for involvement of activin A and bone morphogenetic protein 4 in mammalian mesoderm and hematopoietic development. 10 Hemato-Endothelial Progenitors subclusters. Comparisons to both the mouse and alternative models are included where these have formed the basis for similar investigations in a human context. Both SNAI1 and CDH1 showed comparable expression profiles during mesoderm formation in mouse and human whilst MSGN1was differently expressed between species. 9, 171181 (2014). PubMed Gastrulation in. Our understanding of this process in humans is extremely limited, and based almost entirely . and JavaScript. Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Micropatterned Ectoderm Allows Cell Sorting of Meso-Endoderm Lineages. Gastrulation - Embryology 12, 3769 (2021). Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. 1997 Jan;76(1):91-5. doi: 10.1093/ps/76.1.91. Nature https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-04158-y (2020). Accessibility Keywords: Primordial germ cell development in avians. Thank you for visiting nature.com. One-sided chi-square test. MC_UP_1202/9/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom, NCI CPTC Antibody Characterization Program. MeSH National Library of Medicine official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Epiblast: The inner cell mass forms a two layered embryo. This initiates an explosion of cellular . Drosophila Gastrulation. and JavaScript. Nat. doi: 10.1111/cpr.13492. Article Google Scholar. Each grey dot represents a single cell. A developmental landscape of 3D-cultured human pre-gastrulation embryos Ye J, Gao C, Liang Y, Hou Z, Shi Y, Wang Y. The .gov means its official. INTRODUCTION T O EMBR YOLOGY I 1A. Table of the top 50 marker genes for the ectoderm (amniotic/embryonic) subclusters (amnion and non-neural ectoderm (NNE)). Open Source Softw. Internet Explorer). 8600 Rockville Pike Request PDF | A developmental landscape of 3D-cultured human pre-gastrulation embryos | Knowledge detailing human pre-gastrulation embryonic development including spatial self-organization and . The Basics Embryology Embryology: Weeks 1-3 star star star star star based on 113 ratings Original Author (s): Stuart Jones Last updated: February 9, 2021 Revisions: 18 Embryology is the branch of medicine concerned with the study of embryos and their development. b, Log-fold changes of expression levels of the genes between primed vs nave hESC (y axis) and CS7 epiblast vs E6 data (x axis). doi: 10.1126/sciadv.ade1792. Cell Regen. Chapter 14. Gastrulation and Neurulation - Kenyon College Oscope identifies oscillatory genes in unsynchronized single-cell RNA-seq experiments. 29 April 2023, Nature Communications Open Access Tables showing transcript isoform comparisons between HEP subclusters. Comparison of differentially expressed genes in mouse and human along the epiblast to nascent mesoderm differentiation trajectory. Open Access Mukhopadhyay, M. Resolving human gastrulation. Careers. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Cer1 and Hhex show greater expression in the anterior embryonic endoderm. Arnold, S. J. Significantly upregulated in rostral (*) or caudal (#) cells. This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution, Access Nature and 54 other Nature Portfolio journals, Get Nature+, our best-value online-access subscription, Receive 51 print issues and online access, Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout, These authors contributed equally: Monique Pedroza, Seher Ipek Gassaloglu, Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA, Monique Pedroza,Seher Ipek Gassaloglu,Nicolas Dias,Liangwen Zhong,Tien-Chi Jason Hou,Zachary D. Smith&Berna Sozen, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA, Nicolas Dias,Tien-Chi Jason Hou,Zachary D. Smith&Berna Sozen, Department of Genome Regulation, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA, You can also search for this author in Cells Tissues Organs 192, 7384 (2010). 2022 Nov;131:44-57. doi: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.05.023. USA 102, 1554515550 (2005). The .gov means its official. Florian, J. Gastrulation movements form the three germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm.While these cellular movements occur, signals originating from different sources will result inestablishment of the axes of the embryo. and JavaScript. Modeling human embryo development with embryonic and extra-embryonic The site is secure. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles Definitive endoderm, DE; yolk sac, YS. PubMed Preparation of illustrations and figures: R.C.V.T. Bookshelf Publishers note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. gastrulation; human embryonic development; in vitro culture of embryos; peri-implantation; stem cellbased embryo model. doi: 10.1016/j.stem.2021.04.027. 2022 Oct 24;10:1016988. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1016988. PubMedGoogle Scholar. Xie A, Cui Y, Luo G, Chen X, Zhang X, Han J, Tong L, Ren Y, Wei X. Open Access Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Nature Methods (Nat Methods) Rev. ISSN 1548-7091 (print). Google Scholar. Magnsdttir, E. & Surani, A. M. How to make a primordial germ cell. Front Cell Dev Biol. Messmer, T. et al. 2019. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. As human embryo development is surprisingly inefficient, with only 40% reaching the blastocyst stage in vitro (French, Sabanegh, Goldfarb, & Desai, 2010; Gardner, Lane, Stevens, Schlenker, & Schoolcraft, 2000), many embryos may not develop to a stage suitable for study. In the majority of metazoans, gastrulation is characterised by large scale morphogenetic remodeling, leading to the conversion of an early pluripotent embryonic cell layer into the three primary 'germ layers': an outer ectoderm, inner endoderm and intervening mesoderm layer. The germ cell fate of cynomolgus monkeys is specified in the nascent amnion. government site. 2023 Jan 4;9:1055275. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2022.1055275. 2013 Mar 1;375(1):54-64. doi: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2012.12.008. ORahilly, R. & Mller, F. eds. We combined stem cells to create embryo models that establish three compartmentsto my knowledge, for the very first timeat postimplantation stages. Stem cell-derived models of the embryo are important tools to interrogate developmental events and tissue-tissue crosstalk during these stages 1. FOIA PubMed Central Aguilera-Castrejon A, Oldak B, Shani T, Ghanem N, Itzkovich C, Slomovich S, Tarazi S, Bayerl J, Chugaeva V, Ayyash M, Ashouokhi S, Sheban D, Livnat N, Lasman L, Viukov S, Zerbib M, Addadi Y, Rais Y, Cheng S, Stelzer Y, Keren-Shaul H, Shlomo R, Massarwa R, Novershtern N, Maza I, Hanna JH. 43.5B: Cleavage, the Blastula Stage, and Gastrulation Natl Acad. Chhabra S, Liu L, Goh R, Kong X, Warmflash A. PLoS Biol. 21, 900910 (2019). PMC FOIA A single-cell molecular map of mouse gastrulation and early organogenesis. In vitro investigation of mammalian early embryonic development. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. Would you like email updates of new search results? 163, 103617 (2020). Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Wu X, Zhao W, Wu H, Zhang Q, Wang Y, Yu K, Zhai J, Mo F, Wang M, Li S, Zhu X, Liang X, Hu B, Liu GH, Wu J, Wang H, Guo F, Yu L. Cell Prolif. Streit, A. Xiang, L. et al. Are we ready for the revision of the 14-day rule? h, Maximum intensity projection and mid-sagittal section (h) of an E7.0 mouse embryo showing expression of Gjb1 (yolk sac endoderm marker) as well as Cer1 and Hhex (anterior definitive endoderm markers) using Hybridization Chain Reaction (n=4). Internet Explorer). Exp Mol Med. Early human embryonic development: Blastocyst formation to gastrulation There has been recent renewed interest in studying human early embryonic development. Biol. (PDF) Spatiotemporal transcriptome atlas of human embryos after scTour: a deep learning architecture for robust inference and accurate prediction of cellular dynamics, Formation of the Heart: Defining Cardiomyocyte Progenitors at Single-Cell Resolution, Primitive haematopoiesis in the human placenta gives rise to macrophages with epigenetically silenced HLA-DR, https://github.com/ScialdoneLab/human-gastrula-shiny. Curr Opin Cell Biol. Korsunsky, I. et al. Understanding the progression of early human embryonic development prior to implantation is of fundamental biological importance. the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in doi: 10.1126/science.aax7890. Editing and review of final manuscript: R.C.V.T., E.M., S.N., L.V., A.S. and S.S. Study coordination: A.S. and S.S. ADS List of differentially expressed genes and their trends during epiblast to nascent mesoderm transition in the human gastrula. However, due to the existence of significant differences in their morphological and molecular features as well as the time scale of their development, it is obvious that complete knowledge of human development can be achieved only by studying the human embryo. Preparation of manuscript draft: R.C.V.T., E.M., S.N., A.S. and S.S. J. Dev. 1. FS/18/24/33424 to R.C.V.T., JSPS Overseas Research Fellowship to S.N., European Research Council advanced grant ERC: 741707 to L.V., funding from the Helmholtz Association to A.S. and Wellcome Awards 105031/C/14/Z, 108438/Z/15/Z, 215116/Z/18/Z and 103788/Z/14/Z to S.S. Nature 600, 285289 (2021). Our ability to study early human post-implantation development remains highly limited due to the ethical and technical challenges associated with intrauterine development of the human embryo after implantation. Disclaimer. Modelling human embryogenesis: embryo-like structures spark ethical and policy debate. Rev. Google Scholar. Development; Embryo genome activation; Epiblast; Fertilization; Human; Implantation; Placenta; Pluripotency; Primitive endoderm; Trophectoderm. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles This characterization provides new context for interpreting experiments in other model systems and represents a valuable resource for guiding directed differentiation of human cells in vitro. -, Arnold, S. J. eCollection 2022. 2022 Aug 22;57(16):1995-2008.e5. 8, 368381 (2007). -. 2022 Apr 20;44(4):269-274. doi: 10.16288/j.yczz.22-034. Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. Proc. To obtain a detailed picture of early developmental events in the rabbit, we sampled embryos from gestational days 7-9, encompassing gastrulation, implantation and early organogenesis. Bardot, E. S. & Hadjantonakis, A. K. Mouse gastrulation: coordination of tissue patterning, specification and diversification of cell fate. McInnes, L., Healy, J., Saul, N. & Groberger, L. UMAP: uniform manifold approximation and projection. Feature comparison between human extra embryoids and embryoid bodies. Single-cell transcriptomic characterization of a gastrulating human embryo 2023 Mar 25;13(4):419. doi: 10.3390/bios13040419. Each worksheet refers to the comparison of a single subcluster with every other endoderm subclusters, and includes the names of the genes whose isoforms are differentially expressed with the relative P value. Nature & Robertson, E. J. ISSN 1476-4687 (online) See SI Table 17 for source data and exact p-values. Dev Cell. Epub 2019 Dec 11. (2023)Cite this article. and transmitted securely. Cell 177, 18881902.e21 (2019). Genome Biol. Sci. Extended Data Fig. Glossary: Blastomeres: cells produced by cleavage divisions of the zygote. Developmental dynamics of chromatin accessibility during post-implantation development of monkey embryos. Bookshelf Semin Cell Dev Biol. Computational analyses of sequence data: E.M. and A.S. Gastrula single-cell annotation and analyses: R.C.V.T., E.M., A.S. and S.S. Human ES cell in vitro data analysis: R.C.V.T. 2021 May;593(7857):119-124. doi: 10.1038/s41586-021-03416-3. a, Bright-field microscopy images of D0 hESC (left), D1 Meso (center) and D1 MEK Inhibition (right) ESC colonies (top panels). In humans, gastrulation occurs in the third week after fertilization. 51, 447461 (2007). Genet. J. Neurosci. Cells. Warmflash, A., Sorre, B., Etoc, F., Siggia, E. D. & Brivanlou, A. H. A method to recapitulate early embryonic spatial patterning in human embryonic stem cells. Methods 15, 359362 (2018). 9 Endoderm subcluster identification. Yang, R., Van Etten, J. L. & Dehm, S. M. Indel detection from DNA and RNA sequencing data with transIndel. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. PDF | On Oct 29, 2021, Kristin Ackerman published Embryology, Gastrulation | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate . Yang Y, Laterza C, Stuart HT, Michielin F, Gagliano O, Urciuolo A, Elvassore N. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2023 Jan 14;12(2):321. doi: 10.3390/cells12020321. The .gov means its official. Protoc. eCollection 2022. 2022 Jul 22;10:907159. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.907159. Importantly, our system reproducibly captures spontaneous differentiation and co-development of embryonic epiblast and extra-embryonic hypoblast-like lineages, establishes key signalling hubs with secreted modulators, and can undergo symmetry breaking-like events. HEP subcluster genes. Would you like email updates of new search results? Dev. 2018;128:295-338. doi: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2017.11.004. An in vitro model of early anteroposterior organization during human development. Y axis represents total number of indels on merged cells, while x axis represents indel length in base pairs. Kiselev, V. Y., Yiu, A. 3 A ). Antonio Scialdone or Shankar Srinivas. government site. List of genes that correlate with TBXT along the epiblast to nascent mesoderm trajectory. 1285, Manchester Collection), with capsular attachment of the connecting stalk. Stamatiadis P, Boel A, Cosemans G, Popovic M, Bekaert B, Guggilla R, Tang M, De Sutter P, Van Nieuwerburgh F, Menten B, Stoop D, Chuva de Sousa Lopes SM, Coucke P, Heindryckx B. Hum Reprod. Epub 2023 May 17. Epub 2023 Jun 1. c, Quantification of transcript levels for selected non-neural ectoderm genes across the three conditions PLU, ME, ME+PD. 2022 Oct;54(10):1643-1651. doi: 10.1038/s12276-022-00824-x. b, Brightfield images showing embryo dissection with schematic diagrams highlighting the three anatomical regions collected (yolk sac, rostral and caudal regions of embryonic disk; Scale bar=500m; n=1). Tyser, R.C.V., Mahammadov, E., Nakanoh, S. et al. List of endoderm subcluster marker genes. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. Source data are provided with this paper. Copyright 2021 The Authors. Researchers at the University of Oxford and Helmholtz Zentrum Mnchen have for the first time resolved the single-cell transcriptomic profile of a gastrulating human embryo. 2020;137:391-431. doi: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2019.11.011. To obtain 2021, Xiang et al. Tyser, R. C. V. et al. The post-implantation mouse embryo is composed of the epiblast and ExE, which surround the pro-amniotic cavity (following the fusion between the epiblast and ExE cavities), which in turn are enveloped by the visceral endoderm ( Fig. 2021 Dec;600(7888):223-224. doi: 10.1038/d41586-021-03381-x. Extended Data Fig. Nature 572, 660664 (2019). The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited. 19, 15 (2018). a, Heatmap with the normalized log expression of well characterized marker genes for the identified cell types: Epiblast (Epi), Ectoderm (Amniotic/Embryonic (EAE)), Primitive Streak (PS), Nascent Mesoderm (NM), Emergent Mesoderm (EM), Advanced Mesoderm (AM), Extraembryonic Mesoderm (ExM), Axial Mesoderm (AxM), Endoderm (Endo), Hemato-Endothelial Progenitors (HEP), Erythroblasts (Ery). These studies require a cellular framework. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. National Library of Medicine Determining the cause of intrauterine fetal death in monochorionic twins: A case report. Table details efficiency per feature as observed in distinct genetic background hPSC lines. Detailed description of single cell RNA sequencing assignments and analytical approach. Nature 566, 490495 (2019). Nat Methods 19, 34 (2022). Development 141, 245252 (2014). The majority of human embryos available for study are those donated to research once they are surplus to family building following in vitro fertilization, though in some countries it is also possible to create embryos using donated gametes. Gastrulation Anomalies Caudal Dysgenesis (Sirenomelia) Caudal defect Insufficient mesoderm formation Fused lower limbs, renal agenesis Genetic and Teratogenic In the top panels, cells are coloured by the clusters they belong to, while in the bottom panels the colours indicate the region each cell was dissected from. doi: 10.1242/dev.201797. Table showing the percentage of cells from a specific anatomical region for each cluster. As a consequence, our current under Following fertilization, the zygote undergoes a series of cleavage stages. Integrated pseudotime analysis of human pre-implantation embryo single-cell transcriptomes reveals the dynamics of lineage specification. Cells in epiblast (Epi), Primitive Streak (PS) and Nascent Mesoderm (NM) clusters from human and mouse embryos at matching stages (seeMethods) were independently aligned along a differentiation trajectory and a diffusion pseudotime coordinate (dpt) was calculated for each (top). Spatiotemporal transcriptome atlas of human embryos after gastrulation 1 2 Jiexue Pan 1 #, Yuejiao Li 2 #, Zhongliang Lin 3,4,5 #, Qing Lan 2 #, Huixi Chen 5,6 #, 3 Biotechnol. Fast, sensitive and accurate integration of single-cell data with Harmony. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-021-01384-0, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-021-01384-0. Spatial profiling of early primate gastrulation in utero b, Percentage of cells dissected from the Caudal, Rostral or Yolk Sac portion of the embryo in the four endodermal subclusters. Multi-omics profiling of mouse gastrulation at single-cell resolution. Nature Careers. On the other hand, Developmental Biology encompasses the causal analysis of that transformation through experimental interventions. Bottom, violin plots showing the log expression of total transcripts (top row) and selected isoforms scaled by the maximum value in different cell types. This dataset offers a unique glimpse into a central but inaccessible stage of our development. A spatially resolved single cell atlas of human gastrulation Where legally permitted, the oversight of human embryo research is subject to either ethics approval from a local institutional review board (i.e., China and the United States) or both a national regulator as well as a regional research ethics committee (i.e., the United Kingdom). Tables showing transcript isoform comparisons between endoderm subclusters. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Two-sided Spearmans rho test. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Chen, D. et al. Cell Rep. 29, 45684582.e5 (2019). Argelaguet R, Clark SJ, Mohammed H, Stapel LC, Krueger C, Kapourani CA, Imaz-Rosshandler I, Lohoff T, Xiang Y, Hanna CW, Smallwood S, Ibarra-Soria X, Buettner F, Sanguinetti G, Xie W, Krueger F, Gttgens B, Rugg-Gunn PJ, Kelsey G, Dean W, Nichols J, Stegle O, Marioni JC, Reik W. Nature. STAR: Ultrafast universal RNA-seq aligner. Only genes differentially expressed for PGCs in each species are shown. Table showing 50 shared and disparate genes when comparing human primordial germ cells to cynomolgus macaque and mouse. ISSN 0028-0836 (print). It is pivotal in generating cellular diversity coordinated with spatial patterning. It is pivotal in generating cellular diversity coordinated with spatial patterning. Picelli, S. et al. Efremova, M., Vento-Tormo, M., Teichmann, S. A.
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