average lifespan of a professional athlete

Mayo Clin Proc. Impact of height and weight on life span. Although it appears that there are many unanswered questions concerning athletes lifespan longevities, Teramoto and Bungum [16] presented enough empirical evidence to determine some cross-sport and energy system trends. Full citations provided in reference list; all LE and MR data were compared to age-matched controls from the GP and all studies were on male participants, unless stated otherwise; descriptions reflect only the key findings, AD Alzheimers disease, ALS amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, BMI body mass index, CI confidence interval, CVD cardiovascular disease, GP general population, HOF hall of fame, HR hazard rate/ratio of death, LE life expectancy, M mean, MLB Major League Baseball, MR mortality rate, NBA National Basketball Association, NFL National Football League; OR odds ratio for mortality, PL powerlifting, R explained variation/total variation (coefficient of determination), RCS relative conditional survival, RSR relative survival ratio, SD standard deviation, SMR standardized mortality ratio, SPMR standardized proportionate mortality ratio, SW sumo wrestling, T and F track and field, Online elite athlete mortality articles (n=3). Your US state privacy rights, Sorenson et al.s [75] investigation of lifespan exercise among elite intercollegiate athletes is one of few studies that have presented empirical evidence of lifetime health and wellbeing in modern competitive athletes relative to age- and sex-matched controls. In contrast, a caveat to this tendency of measuring the effects of sport-specific variables on mortality is that the amount of data available varies from sport to sport and may be somewhat arbitrary. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. For example, handedness is unlikely to be measured in soccer players, and the influence of position in non-contact sports may be more relevant in life quality research rather than life longevity. [40] while baseball, hockey, football and basketball players with names beginning with D had shorter lifespans than those with names beginning with E to Z [17]. ", "While it may be unsurprising to hear a boxer is more likely to live a shorter time than the average man, it is more shocking to learn how tennis players continue to live longer as the years pass, and that, despite advances in medicine and technology, footballers are less likely now than in the 1930s to live longer. The precocity-longevity hypothesis: earlier peaks in career achievement predict shorter lives. Article On the lower end, they can make $28,400 or --- per hour, perhaps when just starting out or based on the state you live in. Third, MLB players with positive initials in their names (e.g., A.C.E.) Therefore, the majority of the studies included in this review were generally of high quality (e.g., representative sample sizes, age- and sex-matched control groups from the general population, etc.). These LE benefits generally ranged from 4 to 8years [e.g., 36 and 28, respectively]. Neurol. Soc Sci Q. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2015;14:1049. [. The inclusion criteria were the following: (1) publication year 1980 or later; (2) the study examined elite-level athletes; and (3) outcome data measured mortality/longevity trends and/or causes. Lawler TP, Lawler FH. Comparing the WWFs Death Rate to the NFLs And Other Pro Kujala UM, Sarna S, Kaprio J, Tikkanen HO, Koskenvuo M. Natural selection to sports, later physical activity habits, and coronary heart disease. Maher T, Gill B. average North Am Actuar J. The healthy worker effect in professional football. These advantages help contribute to the growing body of research on elite athlete mortality trends, which in turn can advance research by forming evidence-based models of athlete longevity through investigations into a variety of variables. WebBaseball, football, soccer, basketball, and cycling had the most reported data on elite athletes' lifespan longevities. Left-handed major-league baseball players and longevity re-examined. The Life Of An Athlete Sorenson SC, Romano R, Scholefield RM, Martin BE, Gordon JE, Azen SP, et al. The main finding of this systematic review indicates favorable lifespan longevity advantages for elite athletes relative to age- and sex-matched controls from the general population; however, limitations in reviewing literature on mortality and longevity in elite athletes exist. 2010;67:144450. Google Scholar. Okorodudu DO, Jumean MF, Montori VM, Romero-Corral A, Somers VK, Erwin PJ, et al. As a whole, the empirical evidence suggests that several mechanisms within and between sports have powerful effects on the overall lifespan longevities of players. Mortality of male members of the Polish Olympic teams in 19811998. Similarly, a meta-analysis performed by Lllgen et al. 2007;1165. Br Med J. This review was comprised of elite athlete mortality/longevity studies from 13 different countries: USA, France, Italy, Belgium, Norway, Sweden, Finland, New Zealand, Netherlands, Germany, Japan, Poland, and the UK. Scand J of Med and Sci in Sports. 2005;13:15. While it is premature to undervalue the relationship between weight and mortality in athletes, particularly post-retirement, research has also highlighted the importance of accounting for body composition. In total, 57 studies filled the criteria for inclusion (Tables1 and 2): 54 peer-reviewed publications (see Table1), in addition to three articles from online sources included to investigate findings of mortality risk in elite athletes that may be disseminated to a different cohort of the population (e.g., social media users; see Table2). Lllgen H, Bckenhoff A, Knapp G. Int J Sports Med. Boren S, Erickson TB. This raises an important concern about the cross-sport generalizability disseminated in this review. Samaras TT, Storms LH. Further, while it has been suggested that health is influenced by certain symbolic aspects of the environment [66], such as a decreased prevalence of death before birthdays (e.g., [67]), the scientific rationale behind the initials of a name affecting lifespan longevity is limited. doi:10.1055/s-0028-1128150. 2014. doi: Paluska SA, Schwenk TL. 2012;109:88996. Mortality of male members of the Polish Olympic teams in 19811998. Professional athletes need a retirement game plan - RBC Wealth 2009 Mar;30:21324. Google Scholar. Symbolic significance of initials on longevity. Of the 54 peer-reviewed studies included, 4 were responses to the authors of different studies related to mortality and longevity of elite athletes [29, 30, 42, 44]. [, Garatachea N, Santos-Lozano A, Sanchis-Gomar F, Fiuza-Luces C, Pareja-Galeano H, Emanuele E, et al. Moreover, it is notable that the sports examined have examined periods of different length. Taioli E. All causes of mortality in male professional soccer players. Coate D, Schwenkenberg J. Mortality resulting from head injury in professional boxing. Our second research question explored the mechanisms and risk factors associated with longevity and whether there were precursors to early mortality. Keywords athletes, death, elite, high performance life expect*, longevity, mortality, players, professional, and sport were used to locate research articles. Past work examining this issue in depth appears to be limited, although the Finnish studies that examined lifespan longevities of former elite endurance, team, and power athletes who represented Finland between the years 1920 and 1965 are exceptions (e.g., [36]). In particular, weight and position significantly influenced mortality risk in NFL players [19, 49, 50, 6163, 68]. PubMed The content is provided for information purposes only. Gajewski AK, Poznaska A. Mortality of top athletes, actors and clergy in Poland: 19242000 follow-up study of the longer term effect of physical activity. Baron S, Rinsky R. Health hazard evaluation report, National Football League players mortality study. An official website of the United States government. Aggleton JP, Kentridge RW, Neave NJ. Aggleton JP, Kentridge RW, Neave NJ. Measures of mortality included hazard rate/ratio of death (HR), life expectancy (LE), mortality rate (MR), odds ratio for mortality (OR), relative conditional survival (RCS), relative survival ratio (RSR), standardized mortality ratio (SMR), and standardized proportionate mortality ratio (SPMR). Abel and Kruger [17] discussed two advantages to studying elite athletes with regards to longevity. A subject such as death rates in professional athletes may be more susceptible to sensationalism when trends begin to emerge; therefore, it is essential that the data being disseminated are transparent and accurate. Kelly MP, Morgan A, Bonnefoy J, Butt J, Bergman V. The social determinants of health: developing an evidence base for political action. The average professional athletes career is about 15 years. Omran AR. However, League of Legends, which is the second-oldest game in this grouping, carries by far the [75] found no significant differences between alumni student athletes and non-athletes, suggesting that former athletes failed to maintain higher exercise levels later in life. For example, available evidence suggests a possible connection between dietary supplements and/or drug use and the high prevalence of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) in former soccer players [55, 56]. Golf: a game of life and deathreduced mortality in Swedish golf players. Similar to Teramoto and Bungums [16] research questions, we asked the following: (1) do elite athletes have superior longevity outcomes relative to the general population, and (2) which mechanisms and risk factors are associated with longevity and are potential precursors to early mortality? For general feedback, use the public comments section below (please adhere to guidelines). The extents to which these confounders contribute to mortality risk are still largely unknown however, as survival statistics may undermine the interplay of complex socioeconomic factors [72]. 1992;54:53242. 2009;e1000097. Bull of the World Health Organ. In addition, former athletes have been found to partake in fewer negative health habits, such as smoking and drinking alcohol [79]. As a variety of socioeconomic, demographic, and epidemiologic factors dynamically interact to shape population change [72], so do factors that influence holistic health. Reynolds R, Day S. Life expectancy and comparative mortality of Major League Baseball players, 19001999. Use this form if you have come across a typo, inaccuracy or would like to send an edit request for the content on this page. As a result, overall mortality risk is explained by several modifiable factors, such as obesity and physical inactivity, and non-modifiable (unchangeable) factors, such as age and race, that are unique to athletes. Taioli E. All causes of mortality in male professional soccer players. Lllgen H, Bckenhoff A, Knapp G. Int J Sports Med. 2013;63:53743. [, Baron SL, Hein MJ, Lehman E, Gersic CM. Selden MA, Helzberg JH, Waeckerle JF. Kettunen JA, Kujala UM, Kaprio J, Bckmand H, Peltonen M, Eriksson JG, et al. Early cardiovascular mortality in professional football players: fact or fiction? 2012;22:40612. Increased life expectancy of world class male athletes. Smith G. Another look at baseball player initials and longevity. WebSports with average yearly income/average career length - Infogram The majority of studies included in this review examined sport organizations that were primarily located in the USA and used age- and sex-matched controls that were also American (MLB, NBA, and NFL). The .gov means its official. Epidemiological studies with long-term follow-ups are also rare [55]. Accessed 12 Sept 2014. Halpern DF, Coren S. Do right-handers live longer? doi:10.1055/s-0028-1128150. Bianco M, Fabbricatore C, Sanna N, Fabiano C, Palmieri V, Zeppilli P. Elite athletes: is survival shortened in boxers? Int J of Sports Med. Eur Heart J. Morcet J, Perrin M, Trgaro M, Carr F, Deugnier Y. Mortality in a cohort of 514 elite road cyclists. NFL trumpets lifespan study to former players Bianco M, Fabbricatore C, Sanna N, Fabiano C, Palmieri V, Zeppilli P. Elite athletes: is survival shortened in boxers? An overwhelming majority of studies included in this review reported favorable lifespan longevities for athletes compared to their age- and sex-matched controls from the general population. PubMed National Library of Medicine Mere mortals: what we learned by comparing the mortality rates of baseball players and their NFL counterparts. 31 Jan 2006. http://sports.espn.go.com/nfl/news/story?id=2313476. 2007;28:697702. The longevity of international rugby players. First, they represent a relatively homogenous occupational population, similar to Teramoto and Bungums [16] classification of a distinct physically fit and healthy group, and, perhaps more importantly, many sports contain detailed statistical and historical databases that track a variety of variables that can influence longevity (e.g., anthropometrics, performance-based indicators such as induction into the HOF, etc.). Our first research question considered whether elite athletes had superior longevity outcomes relative to the general population. No one in any of the major three sports was making more than $10 million a year back in 1990. They found that current student athletes reported higher volumes of weekly exercise, perceived exercise importance, and likelihood of compliance with American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) exercise guidelines relative to non-athletes [75]. Novel metabolic risk factors for incident heart failure and their relationship with obesity: the MESA (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis) study. The information age has made information on elite athletes easy to access, whereas information on elite athletes from the earlier eras often fails to depict the mental and social wellbeing characteristics that encompass holistic health. Second, the precocity-longevity hypothesis (see [65]), which investigates the relationship between precociousness (i.e., career debut) and early death, has been shown to affect MLB players longevities [39]. Int J of Sports Med. government site. Careers, Unable to load your collection due to an error. In turn, the emergence of a hypothetical name-longevity relationship in elite athletes emphasizes the need for greater replication in this area of research. Scand J of Med and Sci in Sports. 1990;6:25760. Kuss O, Kluttig A, Greiser KH. A majority of studies included in this review reported superior lifespan longevity outcomes for elite athletes compared to age- and sex-matched controls from the general population and other athletes. As a result, the historical investigations of elite athletes and longevity outcomes need to be cautiously interpreted and discussed in the contexts of a variety of possible influential factors of mortality. Percept and Mot Skills. Does education matter? 2010. http://www.baseball1.com. 2010;67:144450. 2011;113:81524. 2009;19:41924. Zwiers R, Zantvoord FWA, Engelaer FM, van Bodegom D, van der Ouderaa FJG, Westendorp RGJ, et al. Therefore, each sport will have unique statistical variables that may make it more difficult for researchers to draw cross-sport comparisons. They found that current student athletes reported higher volumes of weekly exercise, perceived exercise importance, and likelihood of compliance with American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) exercise guidelines relative to non-athletes [75]. For instance, Baron et al. In particular, weight and position significantly influenced mortality risk in NFL players [19, 49, 50, 6163, 68]. Baker J, Horton S. A review of primary and secondary influences on sport expertise. All LE and MR data were compared to age-matched controls from the general population and all studies were on male participants, unless stated otherwise in the tables. For general inquiries, please use our contact form. These findings seem counterintuitive since physical activity is often associated with a substantial reduction of chronic disease risk and being important to overall health and wellbeing (e.g., [77]). Several sports were noticeably absent from the elite athlete mortality literature (e.g., ice hockey, field hockey, handball, snowboarding, table tennis, volleyball, and motorsports). doi:10.1055/s-00281128150. Survival of the fittest: retrospective cohort study of the longevity of Olympic medallists in the modern era. For example, available evidence suggests a possible connection between dietary supplements and/or drug use and the high prevalence of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) in former soccer players [55, 56]. Flow of information through the different phases of the systematic review, as per the PRISMA statement [33]. Although the effects of playing position on lifespan longevity may be more pronounced in contact sports such as football, we cannot overlook the differences and nuances in health-related behaviors between and within sports that may influence lifespan longevities. [19] found an overall decrease in mortality in National Football Players (NFL) who were active between 1959 and 1988; however, defensive linemen had increased mortality from CVD and cardiomyopathy. Med and Sci in Sports and Exerc. There are many factors that As a result, mechanisms such as race have since been validated as more consistent indicators of early mortality (e.g., [10, 19]). Ideally, comparisons would be best when comparing timespans of similar length; however, the timespans investigated have ranged from players being born from as early as 1840 [52] to being active as recently as 2012 [27]. 1994;26:2249. Ottawa Hospital Research Institute website. Survival function estimates for champions tour golfers. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1993;2:23744. We excluded studies with no full-text availability (abstracts, conference proceedings, commentaries, and editorials), no English-text availability (a small proportion of international articles were unavailable for translation to English), other literature reviews with different inclusion criteria (e.g., non-elite samples), duplicates, case reports, studies on morbidity (i.e., CVD risk factors, etc. 2004;15:21128. Toxicological deaths of Major League Baseball players. Accessed 15 Sept 2014. On average, they lived 2.8 years longer than the general population of the same age, gender and nationality. As a whole, the empirical evidence suggests that several mechanisms within and between sports have powerful effects on the overall lifespan longevities of players.

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